F-35s, Air Task Force Deploy to Korea for ACE Exercise

F-35s, Air Task Force Deploy to Korea for ACE Exercise

March 19, 2025 | By Unshin Lee Harpley

The U.S. Air Force is testing some of major capabilities and concepts—F-35s, Air Task Forces, and Agile Combat Employment—in South Korea this month for the latest iteration of Freedom Shield exercise.

The joint exercise, which started March 10 and lasts until March 21, also includes U.S. Navy and Republic of Korea Air Force assets, including their own F-35s.

The U.S. Air Force deployed its F-35s from Kadena Air Base, Japan, to Cheongju Air Base in South Korea, ahead of the 11-day exercise. The fighters belong to the Vermont Air National Guard and have been stationed at Kadena since January as part of the Air Force’s ongoing fighter rotation there.

Early in the exercise, USAF and ROKAF F-35s practiced dynamic targeting and aerial refueling. The same day, Navy F-35Cs joined the mix, flying alongside the F-35As over the USS Carl Vinson, which docked in Korea early this month.

“Rehearsing combat operations with ROKAF, USAF, and United States Navy fifth-generation aircraft demonstrates the unmatched, high level of readiness and capability of our forces,” Lt. Gen. David Iverson, Seventh Air Force commander, said in a release.

North Korea fired several ballistic missiles into the sea on the first day of the exercise, just hours after it began, calling the annual training “nuclear war rehearsals” through its state-run media.

“The DPRK presents a formidable threat—one that the Republic of Korea is well accustomed to countering,” Lt. Col. Brian Wagner, 134th EFS director of operations, said in a release. “However, when you factor in the broader geopolitical landscape, including shifting relationships and strategic competition with regional powers, it becomes even more critical for us to adapt as a combined force.”

In a release before the exercise, U.S. Forces Korea spokesperson Army Col. Ryan Donald said the event would “reflect” realistic threats, “including the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s military strategy, tactics, and capabilities.”

USAF said it is also testing its Agile Combat Employment concept across multiple areas for the exercise. ACE entails small teams of Airmen dispersing from large central bases to operate from remote or austere locations, complicating an adversary’s targeting. Elements of the exercise included quickly repositioning F-35s from Japan to Korea and integrating fourth- and fifth-gen fighters including its F-16s and A-10s, with the South Korean air force.

“Executing ACE in this region presents unique challenges,” said 1st Lt. Benjamin Meyer, an F-35 pilot assigned to the 134th EFS. “A key part of FS is identifying what we can accomplish together, where we may fall short, and refining our execution plan so we’re ready if the time comes.”

Osan Air Base in Korea, home of the 7th Air Force, now hosts 31 F-16s after nine were relocated from Kunsan Air Base last summer. The move is part of a yearlong test to look at a stronger fighter presence at the 36th Fighter Squadron, closer to the North Korean border. This “Super Squadron” experiment has been a part of Freedom Shield by “engaging in combat training missions focused on air interdiction, close air support, static and dynamic targeting, and combat air patrols,” the 7th Air Force spokesperson told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

“Several 36th Fighter Squadron aircraft also participated in an Agile Combat Employment, or ACE, movement to an alternate base to rehearse the unit’s ability to quickly maneuver forces around the region while maintaining combat flying operations,” the spokesperson added.

The 11th Air Task Force from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Ariz., also deployed to Korea to provide a command-and-control hub, ensuring force sustainment across contested areas.

This is the first deployment for the Air Task Force, which only stood up in October. The Air Force is reinventing how it organizes troops for deployments and created six ATFs to establish a system where Airmen deploy as units, having already trained and worked together. Exercises like Freedom Shield will help them refine their skills.

A 7th Air Force spokesperson declined to provide the number of each aircraft involved in the exercise, citing operational security, but added that the unit is conducting a “full-scale rehearsal of our capabilities at the tactical and operational levels.”

Aircraft in Freedom Shield 25

U.S. Air Force: F-35, F-16, A-10, MQ-9, MC-130J, CV-22

U.S. Navy: F-35C

Republic of Korea Air Force: F-35A, F-15K, (K)F-16, FA-50, KC-330, C-130, CASA CN-235, HH-60, CH-47, HH-32

Is Traffic Getting onto Base a Readiness Issue?

Is Traffic Getting onto Base a Readiness Issue?

March 19, 2025 | By David Roza

At the 1st Special Operations Wing at Hurlburt Field in Florida, hundreds of Air Commandos have to be able to get to base to launch a mission at a moment’s notice.

But what happens if they get called in and race over, only to face a line of cars a mile long waiting to get through the gate?

Heavy traffic getting onto bases have afflicted many military bases across the country before. But the end of remote work and telework for most federal employees, coupled with issues specific to different bases, means the problem is getting renewed attention across the Air Force.

Last month, officials at Hill Air Force Base in Utah told local media they saw a bump in traffic as employees returned to in-person work. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio put out a release saying the same thing and adjusting their gate hours to accommodate the heavy flow.

“On top of executing projects stemming from an increased focus on our gates over the last few years, we now have been working to mitigate rapidly developed congestion problems caused by recent events,” said Brady Klein, a civil engineer with the 88th Civil Engineer Group.

An Air Force official told Air & Space Forces Magazine anecdotally that there was a large traffic increase at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla.

Earlier this month, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona got its own influx of traffic as extra troops arrived there to assist with the Pentagon’s growing mission at the southern border.

“I understand that increased traffic and wait times can be frustrating as we navigate an influx of personnel on our installation,” Col. Scott Mills, 355th Wing commander, said in a March 13 statement. “Please extend patience and understanding to our fellow Airmen and Army guests as each of us plays a vital role in showcasing our commitment to excellence and executing this mission.”

The popular unofficial Facebook page Air Force amn/nco/snco is full of posts from Airmen at those bases and others describing hourslong delays at gates in recent weeks.

The increase in congestion comes on top of traffic problems that have frustrated Airmen and Guardians for years now—and drawn the attention of leadership including Col. Patrick Dierig, commander of the 1st SOW at Hurlburt.

“I never want to be in the position of calling the Air Force Special Operations Command commander and saying the mission failed because of a traffic jam,” Dierig said, according to a March 14 press release.

Fixing these issues often takes close cooperation with local, state, and federal agencies. Peterson Space Force Base, Colo. and Fort Cavazos, Texas, received about $10 million each last year from the federal Defense Community Infrastructure Program to help with gate access and reduce traffic congestion. Some states such as Florida also offer military infrastructure improvement grants.

Last year, then-Vice Chief of Staff Gen. James C. Slife highlighted that cooperation at an Association of Defense Communities conference.

“This relationship between the local installations and the state and local governments can be really really powerful and do good things to improve the safety and resilience and the mission readiness, frankly, of our installations,” Slife said.

Dierig is trying to tap into that partnership. Last week, he met with Florida state lawmakers to improve the infrastructure surrounding Hurlburt.

Located on the Florida panhandle, Highway 98 is the only major road to Hurlburt, so when an accident or road construction happens, it can take hours to get to and from the base, an Air Force official told Air & Space Forces Magazine. That is a headache for day-to-day commuting, but is also a security risk for responding to the national defense equivalent of a 9-1-1 call.

“Highway 98 traffic is not a matter of convenience for the 1st SOW,” Dierig told lawmakers. “The traffic is a readiness issue.” 

That specific issue dates back years—at the conference last year, Slife recalled his own time leading the 1st SOW from 2011 and 2013 and described the intersection in front of Hurlburt’s front gate as “the most dangerous intersection in the state of Florida.” To win support for building an overpass, he even timed a visit from then-Governor Rick Scott so that Scott had to drive through the intersection at the most busy time of day.

“He sat in traffic for 30 minutes trying to get onto Hurlburt Field,” Slife said. “The money flowed rather quickly right afterwards.”

Officials broke ground on the overpass in 2013, but traffic remains a challenge, and the congestion has gotten somewhat worse since the end of remote work, an Air Force official said.

There could be hope for service members stationed at Hurlburt or Eglin at least. Last month, President Donald Trump nominated Dale Marks, executive director of Eglin’s 96th Test Wing, to serve as assistant secretary of defense for energy, installations, and the environment. Having served in his current post since 2022, Marks is likely well-acquainted with traffic struggles in the region.

China Practicing ‘Dogfighting in Space,’ US Space Force Says

China Practicing ‘Dogfighting in Space,’ US Space Force Says

March 18, 2025 | By Chris Gordon

China has been using experimental satellites to practice “dogfighting” in space, the U.S. Space Force’s No. 2 officer said March 18, the latest in a series of revelations as to how America’s adversaries may seek to disrupt U.S. space operations in the future.

The Chinese maneuvers include a series of what the Space Force calls “proximity operations” that were conducted in low-Earth orbit last year.

Vice Chief of Space Operations Gen. Michael A. Guetlein said the operations involved “five different objects in space maneuvering in and out and around each other in synchronicity, and in control.”

“That’s what we call dogfighting in space,” he said at the McAleese and Associates annual Defense Programs Conference. “They are practicing tactics, techniques, and procedures to do on-orbit space operations from one satellite to another.”

Though Guetlein did not identify the country that conducted the maneuvers at the conference, a Space Force spokesperson later said that he was referencing Chinese activities which were documented in commercially available information.

“China conducted a series of proximity operations in 2024 involving three Shiyan-24C experimental satellites and two Chinese experimental space objects, the Shijian-6 05A/B. These maneuvers were observed in low earth orbit,” the spokesperson told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

Guetlein said these activities by U.S. adversaries explain why the Space Force needs to transform itself into a service that no longer treats space as a benign environment and are validation for its existence and funding, which at $30 billion a year is the lowest budget among the DOD’s military services. 

At the AFA Warfare Symposium on March 3, Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman said “space superiority” was now a “core function” for the service.

“Space superiority is the reason that we exist as a service, and the vagaries of warfighting must inform everything we do if we are going to succeed,” Saltzman said.

But what worries Guetlein the most is what might be to come.

“Unfortunately, our current adversaries are willing to go against international norms of behavior, go against that gentleman’s agreement, and they’re willing to do it in very unsafe and unprofessional manners,” Guetlein said. “The new norms of behavior in space, unfortunately, within the past three years: jamming, spoofing, dazzling … cyber hacks are happening all around us on a day-to-day basis.”

China is rapidly expanding its counterspace capabilities, including ground-launched anti-satellite missiles, as shown in this illustration. Mike Tsukamoto/staff and Pixabay

The new capabilities adversaries are seeking include Russia’s effort to deploy a nuclear anti-satellite weapon, for example. Adversaries already have the “ability to laze our current … intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance satellites,” Guetlein said.

“We’ve got to change our culture. We’ve got to change our training. We got to change our [tactics, techniques, and procedures], our [concept of operations]. We’ve got to change our kit going forward. Because this is the most complex and challenging strategic environment that we have seen in a long time—if not ever.” Guetlein said. “We need a credible fighting force, and we need the capability to deter and, if necessary, defeat aggression. That is the inflection point that you’re seeing today.”

STRATCOM Chief: Air Force Needs 145 B-21s and More New Strategic Systems

STRATCOM Chief: Air Force Needs 145 B-21s and More New Strategic Systems

March 18, 2025 | By John A. Tirpak

The Air Force should buy 145 stealth B-21 bombers to cope with the increased threats to U.S. security since that program came into being, Gen. Anthony J. Cotton, head of U.S. Strategic Command, said at the McAleese and Associates annual Defense Programs Conference.

Cotton also said the Air Force should reassess the planned number of AGM-181 Long Range Stand-Off weapons and “pay attention” to the progress of the B-52J upgrade program. The Navy probably needs to up the number of ballistic missile subs it is planning for as well, he added.

“I, as a customer, want to see increased rates” of B-21 production, Cotton said, noting that the program’s low production rate was set “when the geopolitical environment was a little bit different than what we face today.”

While Cotton said the current plan of 100 B-21s should be the absolute minimum, he favors a figure of 145, which he said was the sense of Air Force Global Strike Command when he commanded that organization—his last assignment before taking the helm at STRATCOM.

This is not the first time Cotton has indicated he would like more Raiders. Last year, he told lawmakers that he would “love” to have more than 100 of the bombers, but he did not offer the 145 figure he presented now.

“That gives us 220 bombers when the BUFFs (B-52s) are included,” Cotton said at McAleese. Cotton also said he’s “really happy with the work Northrop Grumman is doing” with development and testing of the B-21.

He also praised Raytheon for its “amazing” work on the LRSO, the new nuclear missile the Air Force is working on to succeed the AGM-86B Air-Launched Cruise Missile. Like the B-21, though, he suggested the program needs to grow.

“Again, we have to question now, what are we looking for, as far as capacity [and] sufficiency, there,” Cotton said, due to the evolving security situation, without specifying how many additional LRSOs he thinks should be acquired. He’s ready to “move out” with that program, he said.

The Air Force plans to buy 1,087 LRSOs, 67 of which would be used for development and test. That figure was set in the early 2010s and was largely based on the nuclear capabilities of Russia, before China embarked on an aggressive campaign of building strategic weapons and developing new hypersonic missiles. The LRSO is highly classified and is set to enter operational service in the late 2020s.

Cotton also said that the Navy’s new Columbia-class ballistic missile submarine also likely needs to be built in greater numbers than were originally envisioned, for all the same reasons.  The threat is “significantly greater” than it was in an earlier era, and “this is not ‘Cold War 2.0,’” he said.

While Cotton was pleased with progress on the B-21 and LRSO, he said he is “a little worried” about the B-52J upgrade, which comprises new engines, navigation, radars and other improvements that will extend that bomber’s service life to 2050 or beyond.

“It is my LRSO carrier,” he said, “so I need to make sure the Air Force is paying attention to that—to the acquisition strategy—and gets the B-52J out on the ramp as soon as we can.” He did not explain why he is concerned about the upgrade’s progress, or why the Air Force might not be giving the program the attention it deserves. The program has experienced some delays and cost increases as it has transitioned from a fast-tracked prototyping program to a major acquisition program.

The final leg of the new nuclear triad, the Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile, is also struggling with delays and cost concerns. Cotton said that when he was at Global Strike Command, he predicted the program would be a “mega project,” with breathtaking scope and cost—including a new missile, launch silos, civil engineering, and upgraded command, control, and communication.

Still, “that doesn’t mean it’s a project that does not need to be accomplished,” given the rising importance of deterrence programs as the U.S. faces not one but two peer nuclear competitors, he said.

Noting that he will retire in the coming months, Cotton said he regrets that the U.S. did not tackle the various strategic modernization programs in a staged, sequential fashion—“one a decade”—instead of all at once. There “is no margin” left and no time left to get these projects accomplished, he said, warning that the zeal to contain costs should not result in the delay or cancelation of any of them.

F-15E Strike Eagle Crew Unhurt After Emergency Landing

F-15E Strike Eagle Crew Unhurt After Emergency Landing

March 18, 2025 | By David Roza

Crew members on an F-15E Strike Eagle assigned to the 4th Fighter Wing were uninjured after making an emergency landing at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C., on March 18.

The crew was flying a training sortie when they declared an in-flight emergency and made an emergency landing at about 11:15 a.m., a base spokesperson told Air & Space Forces Magazine. 

No other aircraft were damaged in the incident, which is currently under investigation, the spokesperson added.

A photo of what appeared to be a Strike Eagle resting on its belly was posted to the popular unofficial Facebook page Air Force amn/nco/snco on March 18, but the base spokesperson could not confirm if the photo was of the mishap aircraft.

The incident comes about seven months after a KC-46 tanker suffered a mishap while refueling a pair of Strike Eagles over California, damaging one of the fighters. Roughly a year ago, a T-6 trainer aircraft performed a “belly landing” with its gear up at Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph, Texas.

The Air Force has 218 F-15Es with an average age of 31 years, according to 2024 data. The jet’s latest mission capable rate stood at 55.44 percent, up slightly from 55 percent in 2023. An aircraft is “mission capable” when it is able to perform at least one of its several core missions. The Air Force does not disclose full-mission capable rates, which measure aircraft types’ readiness to conduct all assigned missions.

According to the service’s most recent flight statistics, the entire F-15 fleet, including C and D models, has averaged 1.6 Class A mishaps and 3.1 Class B mishaps per year over the last decades. Class A mishaps are ones that result in either $2.5 million in damages, death, or the destruction of an aircraft. Class B mishaps are ones that result in anywhere from $600,000 to $2.5 million in damages, permanent disabilities, or hospitalizations for three or more individuals.

This is a developing story and will be updated as more details become available.

Air Force Sending Teams to Make Sure Bases Are Following Executive Orders

Air Force Sending Teams to Make Sure Bases Are Following Executive Orders

March 18, 2025 | By Greg Hadley

The Department of the Air Force will send small teams to “validate” compliance with President Donald Trump’s executive orders. The groups will visit nine bases before the end of the month following direction from a Pentagon task force.

Since the beginning of his second term in January, Trump has issued a series of executive orders aimed at eliminating initiatives related to diversity, equity, and inclusion; “gender ideology,” and Critical Race Theory. 

Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth established a “Restoring America’s Fighting Force” task force “to ensure compliance” with Trump’s orders, he wrote in a Jan. 29 memorandum. That task force has directed the military departments to confirm that they are implementing the orders. 

The Air Force is sending “validation teams” with fewer than 10 members to visit bases between March 17-28, a department spokesperson told Air & Space Forces Magazine. While there, they will review documents, analyze programs, conduct focus groups, audit classes, and interview personnel. 

Specifically, the teams will focus on making sure the Air Force is: 

  • Not considering factors such as sex, race, and ethnicity during promotion and selection processes 
  • Not trying to meet any quota, objectives, or goals based on sex, race, or ethnicity 
  • Not providing any training or instruction on diversity and inclusion, “gender ideology,” and Critical Race Theory 
  • Not sponsoring any boards, councils, or working groups that “incorporate” those topics 
  • Providing instruction focused on a lethal force; Hegseth’s memo specifies that institutions “shall teach that America and its founding documents remain the most powerful force for good in human history.” 

The Air Force has already taken steps to follow those guidelines, such as revoking officer applicant pool goals based on race and gender; disbanding working groups that sought to remove barriers for minority groups; and revising training material. 

However, the process has not been without controversy. Some have objected to the removal of media and training curriculum about Air Force trailblazers and argued the working groups were focused on promoting readiness, not diversity and inclusion. Others have suggested service officials have gone too far in acts of “malicious compliance,” or obeying the directive in a way intended to undermine the order’s intent.   

The “validation teams” will monitor progress on implementing the orders by visiting nine Air Force and Space Force installations meant to be a “representative sampling” of the department, an official said. The tentative list includes:

  • Peterson Space Force Base, home of the Space Force’s Officer Training Course, Space Operations Command, and Space Training and Readiness Command
  • U.S. Air Force Academy
  • Buckley Space Force Base, home of the Air Reserve Personnel Center
  • Randolph Air Force Base, home of the Air Force Personnel Center and Air Force Recruiting Service
  • Joint Base San Antonio (Lackland), home of Basic Military Training and the 149th Fighter Wing
  • Keesler Air Force Base, home of the Technical Training School
  • Hurlburt Field, home of Air Force Special Operations Command
  • Maxwell Air Force Base, home of Air University and Officer Training School
  • Robins Air Force Base, home of Air Force Reserve Command

Once the teams are finished, the department will continue to conduct “in-depth reviews” to ensure compliance, a release stated. 

Civilian Employees 

While the Air Force makes sure it is following Trump’s orders on diversity, race, and gender, it is also working to implement a directive from Secretary Pete Hegseth to cut down on its civilian workforce. 

Hegseth has said his goal is to trim five to eight percent from the Pentagon’s 800,000 or so civilian employees. 

On March 18, a defense official told reporters that DOD has tried working toward that goal by: 

  • Implementing the “deferred resignation program” spearheaded by Elon Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency 
  • Instituting a civilian hiring freeze 
  • Firing several thousand probationary employees, who have fewer job protections 

The last effort has been hampered by litigation, but the official said nearly 21,000 people have taken the deferred resignation, while around 6,000 jobs per month are going unfilled due to the hiring freeze. 

The official could not provide a breakdown between the military departments but did say “certainly the numbers are going to be somewhat similar across the services.” 

The Air Force did not immediately reply to a query about how many of its civilian workers are involved in the reductions. 

Exemptions are allowed based on national security needs, and the official did note that “any critical area that the Secretary and the services have identified is going to be weighed heavily when determining which portions of the workforce and what skill sets need to be retained.” 

Last month, Hegseth exempted 17 critical areas from his budget review to identify five to eight percent in potential “offsets,” including Collaborative Combat Aircraft program, nuclear modernization, and homeland missile defense—all important Air Force and Space Force missions. Those areas may be shielded from personnel cuts as well. 

The Air Force officially started its deferred resignations Feb. 28, allowing participating employees to stop working but still get paid through September 2025. It implemented its hiring freeze March 1. 

Allvin: Air Force Needs ‘High-End Penetrating Capability’ in Future Combat

Allvin: Air Force Needs ‘High-End Penetrating Capability’ in Future Combat

March 18, 2025 | By Chris Gordon

The Air Force needs a high-end aircraft that can operate in contested environments and work with new Collaborative Combat Aircraft semi-autonomous drones, the service’s top officer said March 18—requirements that still yet may be met by the Next-Generation Air Dominance fighter.

“Instead of going all high-end and then breaking the bank and not being able to sustain it, we need to have that balanced capability mix. But we do need to have high-end,” Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. David W. Allvin said at the McAleese and Associates annual Defense Programs Conference.

Allvin’s comments come as the Pentagon has yet to decide how to proceed with the NGAD fighter, a costly program to develop a sixth-generation piloted aircraft that the Air Force had previously cast as a high priority before it was paused for review at the tail end of the Biden administration.

“The family of systems does need high-end penetrating capability,” Allvin said. “With respect to the overall package and what gets put forward, I think this administration will be making that decision [on whether to proceed with a crewed NGAD fighter], and we’re going to move out on that. But you do need the ability to maintain air superiority and penetrate contested environments, and that’s what our Air Force does.”

The coming months will be decisive for the Air Force’s fighter fleet. The service’s first CAAs—General Atomics’ YFQ-42A and Andruil Industries’ YFQ-44A—will fly this summer, service officials say. The Trump administration is also poised to make a decision on what to do about the NGAD crewed fighter. CCAs are considered part of a broader NGAD “family of systems.”

Initially envisioned as a replacement for the F-22 Raptor, officials had suggested that NGAD crewed fighter would cost perhaps hundreds of millions of dollars per jet.

A decision is expected to look at the crewed fighter’s prospective capabilities compared to its high price tag, as well as how well that aircraft can operate with Collaborate Combat Aircraft. CCA flight testing will inform how the Air Force balances crewed and uncrewed platforms.

The XQ-67A collaborative combat aircraft, top, and the Anduril Fury CCA is displayed at the Tech Expo at the Air, Space & Cyber Conference on September 17, 2024.
Photos by H. Darr Beiser and Mike Tsukamoto/Air & Space Forces Association

“We’re going to be on a learning curve with them understanding just what [CCAs] can do,” Allvin said. “That will determine the capability mix between that and our high-end platforms that they will be integrated with and aligned within the human-machine team. What exactly that looks like, the proportion, we don’t know yet. And to be able to or to try and drive towards a single solution right now is probably not responsible.”

The service has made clear it does not see future conflicts as fully autonomous—at least for the foreseeable future.

“I think we’re a ways away from fully putting combat in the hands of just unmanned systems,” said Lt. Gen. Dale R. White, the service’s senior uniformed acquisitions official. “I believe we will get there. We will iterate to that, and we will have mixed systems until we get comfortable as a function of time. … We have to get to a place where comfortable knowing that the system can act and do the unthinkable. We’re still going to need systems and capabilities in the fight. … We’re still going to need that Marine or that Soldier to jump on the grenade to save the platoon. We’re still going to need that function. We’re still going to be a human on the loop to do the unthinkable things that we have to do. And so there’s going to be a period of time of transition that we’re going to have to work through.”

The review of Air Force programs will also be influenced by other new service initiatives: the USAF’s evolving Force Design and its provisional Integrated Capabilities Command, which are designed to focus the Air Force’s thinking on which platforms it wants to develop and why.

The Force Design covers different “mission areas” in which the Air Force will sketch out a variety of capabilities to match a range of threats. 

Integrated Capabilities Command, which is currently operating in a provisional status pending a review by the Trump administration, is focused on problem-solving for the service and the joint force rather than just the priorities of major commands.

“This is probably not comfortable for industry, but this particular environment does not favor long-term, big bets because we think we know what the future is going to be for the next 25 years,” Allvin said. “Because if you’re wrong, you’re really wrong. The ability to reinvest is sometimes tough.”

In addition to high-end platforms, Allvin said the Air Force is exploring what he called “asymmetric” capabilities “that are disruptive early on” in a conflict. This a new concept, he said, which seeks to confront adversaries with a dilemma so that the U.S. doesn’t “have to use all of your high-end kit from the very beginning.”

“We absolutely have to have air superiority. … What we need to break away from intellectually is we have to have our superiority the way we always have had it,” Allvin added. “Air superiority also does not necessarily have to be for days and weeks on end where the skies are clear. … Air superiority is designed to enable other things, so when you have air superiority, it might be temporal, it might be regional, but as long as it’s synchronized to the joint force objectives, we are still accomplishing what the joint force needs and what the nation needs out of its Air Force.”

Lockheed Get $122 Million for Gear to Accelerate JASSM and LRASM Production

Lockheed Get $122 Million for Gear to Accelerate JASSM and LRASM Production

March 17, 2025 | By John A. Tirpak

Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control received a $122.6 million modification to a previous Air Force contract on March 14 to ramp up production of stealthy, long-range AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile/Long Range Anti-Ship Missiles.

In a contract award, the Pentagon said the deal is for “tooling and test equipment needed to increase production quantities” of the JASSM and LRASM. The work is to be done in Orlando, Fla., and completed by July 2028. The contract does not specify how many missiles Lockheed is gearing up to build at rate.

Lockheed and the Pentagon agreed on the original contract aimed at helping increase production in 2018, and this is the third time it has been modified. Collectively, the four awards are valued at $401.7 million.

For its own stockpiles, the Air Force requested 550 JASSMs in its fiscal 2025 budget request; the same number as it did in fiscal 2024. The missile costs about $1.5 million per round. The Air Force also contracts with Lockheed for the Navy’s purchases of LRASM.

The company referred queries about the contract to the Air Force.  

Last year, Lockheed described an August 2024 contract modification as “part of the Large Lot Procurement pilot program with the U.S. government [that] enables the ability to increase annual production quantities by providing additional resources for long-lead procurements and facilitating production line efficiencies.” It said that multiyear procurements of weapons like JASSM and LRASM “are a key anti-fragility measure to increase industry resilience and ensure operations can be ramped more quickly.”

The company said it invested in “in the continued development [and] expansion” of JASSM and LRASM production in 2022, and in that year added a new 225,000-square-foot factory to existing production facilities to increase production quantities. The new facility includes “factory model forecasting, a fully-robotic paint line, and more automated processes,” the firm stated.

The JASSM and LRASM are externally nearly identical, but the latter is optimized for striking sea targets. The JASSM-ER (extended range) reportedly has a range of about 600 miles, but Lockheed last fall unveiled an unsolicited proposal for the JASSM-XR, a longer variant of the munition with a range company officials suggested will near 1,000 miles. Lockheed builds JASSM and LRASM in Troy, Ala.

Lockheed MFC’s Michael Rothstein, vice president for strategy and requirements, air weapons, and sensors, told Air & Space Forces Magazine in a recent interview that the company sees the JASSM/LRASM as the “high end” of a high-low munitions mix, complementing the relatively inexpensive munitions the Air Force is seeking under the Enterprise Test Vehicle program and other initiatives. Lockheed is offering its own version, called the Common Multi-Mission Truck, which Rothstein said in its basic form could cost as little as $150,000 per round.

F-22 Pilot Swaps in for Guardian at International Space Station

F-22 Pilot Swaps in for Guardian at International Space Station

March 17, 2025 | By Unshin Lee Harpley

An F-22 pilot with more than 200 combat hours in the Middle East is trading places on the International Space Station with the first Space Force Guardian to ever launch into orbit.

Air Force Maj. Nichole Ayers, along with her crewmates, launched aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft carried by a Falcon 9 rocket on March 14 and safely arrived at the ISS early March 16.

Space Force Col. Nick Hague, who arrived at the station last September, started return preparations with his crewmates March 17 and is scheduled splash down March 18.

Ayers is part of Crew-10, the latest in the Commercial Crew Program, alongside fellow NASA astronaut Anne McClain, mission specialist Takuya Onishi of Japan, and cosmonaut Kirill Peskov of Russia. Together, they will take part in Expedition 73 aborad the ISS, conducting more than 200 experiments over the next six months, including new research and technology demonstrations aimed at advancing space exploration and life on Earth.

“I can’t wait to get to work up here,” Ayers said in brief remarks after she entered the station for the first time.

Hague was part of Crew-9, which included only him and cosmonaut Aleksandr Gorbunov on the way up, but will add astronauts Barry E. Wilmore and Sunita Williams for the return. As part of Expedition 72 program, they conducted more than 150 experiments over more than 900 hours.

“Crew-10 is made up of some of the most intelligent, efficient, and caring people I’ve ever worked with,” Ayers said in a release. “We make an amazing team because we take care of each other and back each other up on everything, both operationally and personally.”

U.S. Air Force Maj. Nichole Ayers (second from left) poses with her SpaceX Crew-10 mission team before their scheduled launch on March 14, 2025. Ayers was previously stationed at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson where she was assistant director of operations and an F-22 pilot for the 90th Fighter squadron in 2021. NASA/Bill Stafford/Helen Arase Vargas

The former combat pilot says she has long dreamed of becoming an astronaut, inspired by the Space Shuttle program that played a key role in constructing and servicing the ISS, the largest man-made space structure on orbit.

“As a child, I always loved flying and space and grew up during the Shuttle era,” recalled Ayers. “When I learned you could fly the Space Shuttle, I knew I wanted to be a pilot in the Air Force and pursue my dreams of becoming a NASA astronaut through that path.”

Ayers completed pilot training in 2014 and began flying the T-38A at Langley Air Force Base, Va. As an instructor pilot, she led combat training missions for F-22 Raptor pilots. She logged over 200 combat hours with the Raptor during Operation Inherent Resolve—the campaign against the Islamic State group across Syria and Iraq—and accumulated more than 1,400 flight hours in the T-38 and F-22.

“My time in the Air Force prepared me well for this mission,” she said. “Taking care of your teammates in adverse or austere environments is something every Airman learns throughout their career.”

Her latest role in the service before officially joining NASA in 2021 was serving as the assistant director of operations for the 90th Fighter Squadron, which oversees the Raptor fleet at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska.

“Most of my training has been in the operational realm; learning to make split-second decisions under intense pressure is a skill we learn throughout our time as Air Force pilots,” said Ayers. “We train for the worst and hope for the best—training to go to the International Space Station is no different.”

A Falcon 9 rocket launches the Crew Dragon’s 10th operational human spaceflight mission to the International Space Station from Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, March 14, 2025. This mission also enables the return of NASA astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore, along with Roscosmos cosmonaut Aleksandr Gorbunov and U.S. Space Force Col. Nick Hague, the first Space Force Guardian to launch into space. U.S. Space Force photo by Airman 1st Class Collin Wesson

Many NASA astronauts come from military backgrounds, including dozens from the Air Force, but it has been several years since an Airman was in orbit.

Basic requirements for becoming an astronaut include peak physical condition, proven leadership, a master’s degree in a STEM field, and at least three years of professional experience—or, for pilots, 1,000 hours in the cockpit, with 850 of those in high-performance jets. Ayers holds a master’s in computational and applied mathematics from Rice University, following her bachelor’s from the Air Force Academy.

After that, candidates undergo intense reviews before being selected. Hague, for example, said it took him 10 years and two rejections before he became a NASA astronaut.

Once selected, astronauts then take on two years of training to master spacewalking, robotic arm control, and flying T-38 jets—something Ayers already has down. Since the 1960s, NASA has maintained a fleet of T-38 Talon twin-engine jet trainers to refine candidates’ precision maneuvers and emergency procedures.

“I absolutely loved every minute of my time at the Air Force Academy and throughout my entire flying career in the T-38A and F-22,” said Ayers. “Representing those communities and the Air Force as a whole as we embark on our mission to the International Space Station is truly special and one of my greatest honors.”

Hague, meanwhile, will return to Earth after achieving a historic milestone for the young Space Force. Col. Mike Hopkins became the first Guardian in space when he transferred into the service aboard the ISS in 2020, but no Space Force member had ever launched into orbit before Hague.