Why the Space Force Wants to ‘Flip the Script’ On Space Domain Awareness

Why the Space Force Wants to ‘Flip the Script’ On Space Domain Awareness

June 7, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

The Space Force wants to “pivot” and change how it does space domain awareness with a new generation of capabilities, and it wants industry to take a leading role in shaping that future, a top official said this week. 

Earlier this year, Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman said “actionable” space domain awareness is essential for his Competitive Endurance theory, which is meant to guide the entire service. Col. Bryon McClain is leading that push as program executive officer for SDA and combat power. 

McClain’s team took their first big step earlier this spring when they released a request for information from industry about ideas for space domain awareness in geosynchronous orbit. 

Right now, the Space Force relies on five Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program satellites to monitor GEO, along with one Space Based Space Surveillance satellite and the secretive “SILENTBARKER” collaboration with the National Reconnaissance Office. 

But as the entire service shifts towards smaller, proliferated satellites and dynamic operations, space domain awareness will likely follow suit, McClain said June 4 during the C4ISRNET conference. 

“I think this is really where we’re trying to pivot and do things differently,” said McClain. Specifically, he cited the influence of assistant secretary of the Air Force for space acquisition and integration Frank Calvelli—who has emphasized larger numbers of small satellites, delivered quickly—and Vice Chief of Space Operations Gen. Michael A. Guetlein, former Space Systems Command boss—who has argued the service should only build new satellites when it cannot use existing systems or buy commercial capabilities. 

“Those two ideas, those mentalities really go hand in hand,” McClain said. And we’ve tried to embody that in this RFI, which means … a whole bunch of different ideas that really could mix together.” 

Specifically, the RFI suggests McClain’s office is interested in multiple satellites that can be refueled and move around to get closer to other objects on orbit, that can integrate into existing networks and ground stations and be built quickly and cheaply.  

Many specific requirements, however, were not included in the request, which McClain said was a deliberate choice. 

“Instead of the more traditional system, we just opened up the door and said, ‘Hey, I don’t want to share any requirements documents, because that starts getting into the classified world,'” he said. “‘But I want to figure out what you think you can do in this area.’ Huge number of responses.” 

McClain’s team is sorting through those responses and planning to speak with Guardians who perform SDA missions every day, asking them what they need and what ideas could address that need. 

“Sometimes, we spend too much time thinking we can always guarantee the outcome and know exactly what’s the most important thing,” McClain said. “And so we miss new innovations and new ideas from industry. So we’ll try to flip the script a little bit here and take industry and use that to influence our requirements script, which is why don’t have a specific answer for what we’re looking for.” 

Given fiscal constraints, progress on these new SDA systems may take a few years, McClain said. In its 2025 budget request, the Space Force focused heavily on missile warning/missile tracking and satellite communications—missile warning programs accounted for $4.7 billion or 25 percent of the research budget, while SATCOM got more than $1.6 billion, 8.8 percent. Space domain awareness systems, by comparison, got around $484 million, just 2.6 percent.

“The future for some of that RFI may not be until the 2026-27 timeframe, for some of the uniqueness of it and some of the new ideas,” McClain warned. “You may not see immediate action on it.” 

In the interim, the service could eye commercial capabilities as a way to close the gap. In its new Commercial Space Integration Strategy released in April, the Space Force ranked SDA second among all mission areas in terms of commercial market maturity and the urgency of military requirements. 

To implement that strategy, McClain said, his office needs to understand the commercial marketplace and make sure that the requirements they do set don’t exclude commercial solutions. 

The Need for Speed: Experts Say Ukraine Shows US Must Act, React Quickly in Acquisition

The Need for Speed: Experts Say Ukraine Shows US Must Act, React Quickly in Acquisition

June 7, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

More than two years after Russia started its all-out invasion of Ukraine, U.S. leaders have noted many lessons learned from the brutal conflict, from the value of airpower and drones to integrated air defense to weapons production to electronic warfare.

In a June 6 event hosted by the Center for New American Security, current and former defense acquisition leaders said there is still another truth to be gleaned: the speed of technology and ability to respond quickly to new developments show that the U.S. must accelerate innovation and tap into commercial off-the-shelf systems.

“The overriding lesson of Ukraine is as soon as one side will do something, the other side is quick to counteract it, and that cat-and-mouse game shows the speed” that can be achieved “under necessity,” former House Armed Services Committee chair Mac Thornberry said.

While the U.S. doesn’t face the same pressures as Ukraine, Thornberry added, it must seek to match its velocity in fielding new capabilities, even when not in a hot war.

“We’re a whole lot better at recovery than we are being prepared ahead of time,” Thornberry said. “The problem is, we’re not going to have time to recover if we get into” a major conflict.

“Speed, speed, speed, again,” he added.

Ellen Lord, former undersecretary of defense for acquisition and sustainment, said that Ukraine shows how essential it is to tap off-the-shelf commercial products and the vast expertise available in civil technology.

“What I think Ukraine has taught us is that commercial technology is absolutely critical, whether it be video from satellites, or all other kinds of sensor modalities, to all of the drones,” she said. If Ukraine did not have access to that commercial technology, “I don’t believe they would be in as strong a position as they are today.”

On top of that, Lord noted that the volume of commercial technology has made a difference too.

“Quantity has a quality all of its own. So an 80 percent solution in quantity makes a difference,” she said.

Heidi Shyu, undersecretary of defense for research and engineering, said that while “a lot of lessons learned were taken from Ukraine,” Russian president Vladimir Putin has clearly united NATO.

“Every single country is putting a lot more focus on defense and adding a lot more money,” said Shyu. NATO partners are “doing exactly what we’re doing,” in quickly fielding new equipment and helping Ukraine adapt systems to quickly respond to new Russian tactics.

“I think what it has brought us a lot closer together as allies and partners, which is incredibly important, because in any conflict in the future, it makes us much stronger.”

Thornberry said the single most useful thing Congress can do to help speed the acquisition system is “flexible funding.” He and Lord noted that the multiyear system of setting requirements and putting new programs in the budget is incompatible with the needed speed for adaptation. Changes in software, for example, can’t come in years, but in “days … hours,” Lord said.

Shyu agreed that some funds are needed in the year they are appropriated for things that couldn’t be foreseen when the budget was crafted, and Lord noted that this was one of the key findings of the Planning, Programming, Budgeting and Execution (PPBE) Commission, which she co-chaired, and which published its two-year study on acquisition reform earlier this year.

Congressional adds to offices such as the Defense Innovation Unit, which funds prototyping and experiments, is “a hopeful sign,” said Lord. Shyu noted that Congress has gone out of its way to fund programs that small businesses can compete for, and noted that one such initiative has grown from $100 million to $300 million in three years.

“If you give me more, I can help more” small business break into defense work, she said.

MDA Boss: Let’s ‘Think Creatively’ for Hypersonic Defense While Waiting for New System

MDA Boss: Let’s ‘Think Creatively’ for Hypersonic Defense While Waiting for New System

June 6, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

While lawmakers are pressing the Pentagon to move faster in developing a new missile defense system for intercepting hypersonic weapons, the Missile Defense Agency should focus on developing more immediate, make-do solutions now and not rush to field the more advanced weapon, its director suggested June 6. 

The in-development Glide Phase Interceptor “is a tip-to-tail designed system to counter the threats out of 2035, not today,” Air Force Lt. Gen. Heath A. Collins said during an event at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Yet there is growing concern regarding China and Russia’s hypersonic capabilities—Russia has used hypersonic weapons in its war with Ukraine, and a 2023 Department of Defense report described China as having the world’s leading hypersonic weaponry. In response, Congress passed a provision late last year mandating that GPI reach initial operational capability by 2029. 

MDA’s budget documents don’t project delivery of the interceptor to even start until 2035. And Collins, who previously served as the Air Force’s program executive officer for weapons, seems less interested in trying to hurry the program along than he does in finding another solution. 

“It is an important program to get us where we need to, but it’s going to take some time,” Collins said. “But to bring that long-look capability to the hypersonic fight, we’ve been tasked to think creatively and bring capability sooner—2029, ’30. And that is really going to take maybe some different style of thinking than the traditional ‘start a new weapon.’ It’s most likely going to be a weapon that already exists today. What can we do to get the most out of it?” 

The Pentagon fields a variety of interceptors already, from THAAD to Aegis to SM-6 to the Ground-Based Interceptor. Collins offered few hints on which, if any, could be used for hypersonic defense. 

“We do need to sharpen our pencils,” he said. “I was the weapons buyer for the Air Force. There are other things that are being purchased by other agencies. Can any of those be brought to bear?” 

Whatever MDA decides, it likely won’t be perfect or capable of matching every threat, Collins added. But it could be crucial given the pressing danger. 

“Hypersonic weapons are being used today,” he warned. “And the inventories of our threats are increasing in the years to come.” 

At the same time, Collins said he is not opposed to moving fast on GPI, so long as it remains “fundamentally viable.”

“I could claim that we’re going to do it in 2028 and skip all the testing, and then I would be a case study in acquisition school,” he said. “So I want to increase that as quickly as possible.” 

The U.S. and Japan are collaborating on GPI, signing a formal agreement last month that will help lower costs for the Pentagon. Japan will lead development of rocket motors and propulsion components, with Breaking Defense reporting last week that the Ministry of Defense plans to award a contract by March 2025. 

Collins also offered an update on MDA’s work to detect and track hypersonic launches through its Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor prototyping program. In February, MDA and the Space Development Agency worked together to launch a batch of missile tracking satellites into low-Earth orbit, including MDA’s HBTSS and SDA’s Tracking Layer spacecraft, and Collins said MDA’s satellites are set to begin its hypersonic testbed calibration within a week.

The test will feature “both of those sensors tracking and in looking to see how they’re doing and how they could potentially close the fire control loop,” Collins explained. 

Another calibration flight will follow later this year, he added. 

Air Force Expands Missile Cancer Study to ICBM Launch Silos

Air Force Expands Missile Cancer Study to ICBM Launch Silos

June 6, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

Air Force Global Strike Command’s sweeping study of cancer cases in the intercontinental ballistic missile community will expand this summer to include environmental samples from the launch facilities themselves, one of several next steps officials detailed during a virtual town hall June 5. 

The study, which began in February 2023, has already looked at hundreds of air and swipe samples from launch control centers—the underground bunkers where missileers work in 24-48 hour shifts—and launch control support buildings. Of those hundreds of samples, four were found to have elevated amounts of a possible carcinogen at two launch control centers at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Mont., and a Launch Control Equipment Building at Minot Air Force Base, N.D. 

Now, military bioenvironmental experts are preparing to go into the silos that house the ICBMs. 

“We’re targeting this between July and September,” said Brig. Gen. Dave Miller, director of logistics and engineering at Global Strike Command. “We’re working again with the program office and [the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine], and the Surgeon General’s office to build a sample of locations out in the missile fields. As of the current plan right now, we’re going to look at two launch facilities in each of the squadrons at each of the wings, assess that data to take a look at, are we targeting all the right areas, before we go out to the rest of the locations to sample.” 

The goal is to start collecting samples in July and continue through September, officials said during the town hall, which was open to Active-Duty Airmen and members of the public. 

The focus of the sampling will likely be on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the chemical that was found in the control facilities and are “probable human carcinogens” according to the EPA. Officials said they also study samples for “fertilizers, pesticides, volatile organic compounds,” and more. 

It’s not just missileers who have concerns. A Military.com report published last week shared the fears of maintainers who enter the missile silos to conduct repairs. Security forces, food service workers, and others are also worried. 

While they wait for the lab results from the launch facility samples, AFGSC says it will release the findings from its third round of environmental testing in the control facilities at the three active ICBM bases later this summer. 

“Our sampling plan across the three rounds was, we’re there looking for seasonal variations in use of industrial, occupational, environmental, and local chemicals or potential contaminants that might be in the environment. And some of those do fluctuate with us depending on the season,” Col. Tory W. Woodard, commander of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, said. 

In the few facilities where PCBs were detected above EPA limits, Global Strike officials said they took immediate steps to conduct cleanups. Beyond that, however, Miller said the command is taking steps to deep clean its facilities, standardizing the process across all locations. A finalized contract for that cleaning is coming soon, he added. 

In addition to the environmental sampling, the study is also comparing cancer rates among missileers and other ICBM-related jobs to those among the rest of the military and the general population. Preliminary data released in March showed elevated rates of prostate and breast cancer. 

However, that data only covered Department of Defense electronic medical records from 2001-2021, capturing those who were diagnosed with cancer through the Military Health System (MHS), including through the Tricare health insurance program. The Air Force anticipates the initial data makes up fewer than 25 percent of the total cancer cases that make be captured during the study. 

A second release of data, planned for September and dubbed “Phase 1B” of the epidemiological part of the study, will include more records, including: 

  • Those diagnosed with cancer through the Veterans Affairs health system back to 1991 
  • Those diagnosed through the military system and put in the DOD’s cancer registry back to 1986 
  • Those diagnosed through the VA and put in the DOD cancer registry back to 1976 

Another batch, “Phase 1C,” will follow in the fall and include death records from the National Cancer Institute. 

“Our future will include Phase 2, which is where we get a virtual pooled registry where we pull cancer statistics from a pool of data from 45 different states,” Woodard said. “What we are learning from that and that will be a little bit delayed, probably into 2025, is that it takes us months and months and months to get that data from those multiple states.” 

Elsewhere in the town hall, the first opened to members of the public, many former service members who worked with ICBMs were eager to know how the study would capture their experiences, especially given that many installations and facilities are now closed or decommissioned.

“If you had one of the AFSCs that placed you in the missile community from 1976 going forward, those AFSCs are all involved,” Woodard said of the epidemiological study. “It’s not just those that worked at our current bases, but it’s anybody who worked at our previous bases.” 

Hundreds of participants logged on for the town hall, reflecting the intense interest in the study. For years, the Air Force dismissed concerns among the missile community about connections between their work and cancer. In early 2023, those concerns were raised again as a result of possible increased cases of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, a blood cancer, at Malmstrom Air Force Base. 

AFGSC commander Gen. Thomas A. Bussiere has pledged to take an expansive approach with the study and reiterated to town hall participants that he does not intend to sweep the issue under the rug. 

“I will tell you that it’s personal to all my commanders in the field, it’s personal to my deputy commander sitting to my right, and it’s personal to me,” Bussiere said. “Because we all have experience over our lifetimes, in our careers with dealing with the various different levels and aspects of cancer both inside the department and outside the department.  

“From a personal perspective, Capt. Bussiere dealt with cancer in a different career field in our Air Force. … I also had many friends and colleagues back in the ’90s that had experienced different forms of cancers. And I believe it’s our obligation to completely understand the environment we asked our Airmen to operate in and do what we can to mitigate any risk or exposure.”

Airmen and Guardians Conduct Second ICBM Test in Three Days

Airmen and Guardians Conduct Second ICBM Test in Three Days

June 6, 2024 | By Unshin Lee Harpley

Airmen and Guardians test launched another Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile on June 6, marking the second ICBM test from Vandenberg Space Force base in three days after a June 4 launch.

The unarmed ICBM, equipped with one re-entry vehicle, was launched at 1:46 a.m. Pacific Time, traveling approximately 4,200 miles at speeds exceeding 15,000 miles per hour. The reentry vehicle arrived at the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site on the U.S. Army Garrison-Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The missile’s performance was evaluated at the Reagan Test Site (RTS) using data collected during the final phase of the trajectory.

“The fact that we were able to complete two operational test launches in one week is a testimony to the excellence and professionalism of the Airmen and Guardians who do this mission every day,” Col. Chris Cruise, 377th Test and Evaluation Group commander, said in a release. “This morning’s launch demonstrates our commitment to deterrence as we serve as the cornerstone of security for our allies and partners across the globe.”

The joint effort between Air Force Global Strike Command and the Space Force on Thursday employed a randomly selected ICBM from Maelstrom Air Force Base, Mont., that was reassembled upon arrival at the launch site. There are about 400 Minuteman III missiles currently in service across Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Wyoming.

Maintenance support for the launch was provided by the 341st Missile Wing at Malmstrom, with personnel from all three missile wings selected to form a task force. In addition to the 341st, Airmen represented the 90th Missile Wing at F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyo.; and the 91st Missile Wing at Minot Air Force Base, N.D.

“Our ICBM force provides 24/7 strategic deterrence and stand ready to respond at a moment’s notice as the most responsive leg of the nuclear triad,” Gen. Thomas A. Bussiere, commander of AFGSC, said in a release. “These test launches demonstrate and confirm our readiness to deliver a safe, secure, effective, and credible, global combat capability.”

Officials stressed that the routine test launches ensure “the lethality and effectiveness of the nation’s nuclear deterrent,” and validate the U.S. nuclear umbrella to eliminate allies’ need for nuclear weapons.

The Air Force sends advance notification to countries that subscribe to the Hague Code of Conduct and a separate notification to Russia before each launch. The service has repeatedly emphasized the pre-scheduled nature of these tests, which are unrelated to ongoing world events.

An unarmed Minuteman III Intercontinental Ballistic Missile launches during an operational test at 1:46 a.m. Pacific Time 6 June, 2024, at Vandenberg Space Force Base, Calif. ICBM test launches demonstrate that the U.S. ICBM fleet is ready, reliable and effective in leveraging dominance in an era of strategic competition. (U.S. Space Force photo by Senior Airman Joshua LeRoi)

Operational since 1970, the aging LGM-30 Minuteman III is set to be replaced by the LGM-35A Sentinel. Sentinel has a “no-fail” initial operational capability deadline of September 2030 set by U.S. Strategic Command, but earlier this year, the Air Force disclosed critical cost and schedule overruns to the new ICBM program, prompting a Nunn-McCurdy review that temporarily halted work and requires certification from the Secretary of Defense to continue.

In the meantime, experts have noted while the Minuteman III system remains reliable, vital upgrades are needed in certain aspects, such as the 50-year-old silos, electronics, and warheads.

PHOTOS: Invasion-Striped C-130s Soar Over France for 80th Anniversary of D-Day

PHOTOS: Invasion-Striped C-130s Soar Over France for 80th Anniversary of D-Day

June 6, 2024 | By David Roza

Air Force crews flew over France this week in C-130 transport planes decked out in black-and-white “invasion stripes” for the 80th anniversary of D-Day, the June 6, 1944 battle where U.S. and allied troops began the liberation of Nazi-occupied France during World War II.

The stripes commemorate the patterns painted on allied aircraft during the invasion so that ground troops could quickly identify them as friendly forces. A year earlier, during the 1943 invasion of Sicily, Allied naval gunners mistakenly shot down 23 C-47 transports and heavily damaged another 37, killing dozens of paratroopers and air crew members. 

“The incident would lead to better coordination between units and the black and white recognition stripes used on aircraft at Normandy,” according to the National World War II Museum. 

Many of the stripes were hastily painted on June 3 for troop transports and June 4 for fighter and bomber squadrons—the short notice was part of an effort to keep the plan a secret, according to the National Air and Space Museum. 

American paratroopers prepare to board their C-47 for their jump into Normandy. (U.S. Air Force photo / National Archives and Records Administration)

Over the years, many U.S. and allied air forces have sported the invasion stripes in honor of D-Day, including A-10 and F-15 fighter jets; C-17 and C-130 transport planes; and the United Kingdom’s Typhoon fighter jet. 

For the 80th anniversary celebration, which will include dozens of events across France over several weeks, multiple USAF aircraft are sporting invasions stripes.

One is a C-130J assigned to the Kentucky Air National Guard. Besides the stripes, the Super Hercules also featured nose art based on the squadron patch of the WWII-era 368th Fighter Squadron which eventually became one of the first units of the Kentucky Air National Guard. 

“I feel honored to be part of this 80th anniversary—to pay tribute to the men who gave so much so we could secure our freedom,” Master Sgt. Lee Stanley, aircraft structural shop chief for Kentucky’s 123rd Maintenance Squadron, said in a press release. Stanley led the paint effort, which started in late May.

“Designing the nose art is something I took a lot of pride in, and something I didn’t take lightly,” he added. “I wanted to make sure we got all the details historically accurate.”

Multiple C-130s from Ramstein Air Base, Germany, also got the stripes, with maintainers painting them on months ago.

Also included in the celebration was the legendary C-47 “That’s All, Brother” that led more than 800 C-47 Skytrain transports that ferried troops and cargo on D-Day.

“A steady and proven aircraft, the C-47 earned for itself a reputation hardly eclipsed even by the more glamorous of combat airplanes,” wrote Air Mobility Command Museum in a tribute to the C-47, which was widely known as the “Gooney Bird.”

The C-47 also evacuated wounded troops, dropped flares for bombing attacks at night, flew reconnaissance and psychological warfare missions, and served as a gunship during the Vietnam War, the museum wrote

All told, more than a dozen U.S. Air Force aircraft are participating in the 80th anniversary events, mostly C-130s. The 93rd Air Ground Operations Wing from Moody Air Force Base, Ga., also sent 30 Airmen to parachute in a June 9 display.

Several dozen D-Day veterans attended the 80th anniversary, which may be the last time many of them see invasion stripes flying overhead.

“For a lot of those guys who fought at D-Day, this might be the last chance they get to see this,” Stanley said. “So we really took a lot of care to make sure we got everything right.”

Air Force Buys First Lot of Norwegian Joint Strike Missiles

Air Force Buys First Lot of Norwegian Joint Strike Missiles

June 5, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

The Air Force awarded Kongsberg Defense and Aerospace of Norway a $141 million contract on May 31 for the first lot of 48 Joint Strike Missiles, which will equip the service’s F-35A Joint Strike Fighters. It’s the first time the service has bought a tactical missile from another country for operational use since the early 1990s.

The missile will carry the designation “AGM-184A Kraken.”

The Air Force plans to buy 268 JSMs through fiscal 2028 at a cost of $848 million, according to the service’s fiscal 2025 budget documents. The buy profile calls for 48, 50, 54, 57, and 58 missiles across fiscal 2024-2028, with annual funding projected to rise from $161 million to $180 million across that period. In its unfunded priorities list for the fiscal 2025 budget request, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command asked Congress to triple the buy of 50 missiles for the upcoming year.

The JSM is a variant of the Naval Strike Missile developed by Kongsberg with Raytheon. Raytheon makes some components of the NSM in the U.S., but it’s unclear whether the firm will make the same components for the JSM; the company did not immediately respond to queries. The contract says the work will be performed in Kongsberg, Norway, by August 2026.

Two JSMs can fit internally on an F-35, and four more can be carried on wing stations when stealth is not required. The weapon can be used against ground or surface targets and has a quoted range of in excess of 300 nautical miles, depending on the launch profile. It uses an imaging infrared seeker and is guided by GPS, terrain reference, and inertial measurement.

The weapon has the means to communicate with other missiles and its launcher for target updates, and also has onboard systems to help it discriminate targets independently. Kongsberg says these features make it a “fifth-generation” missile. The missile is of the sea-skimming type, and when targeted against a ship, detonates at the water line.

The F-35 Joint Program Office has said the JSM will be certified for most, if not all, F-35 users.

The U.S. weapon most similar to the JSM is the Lockheed Martin AGM-158C Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM); they have similar range but the JSM lacks the LRASM’s stealth capabilities.

Development of the JSM, which was funded by Norway and Australia, has been underway since 2009. In 2015, the weapon was test-fired from an Air Force F-16 at the Utah Test and Training Range.

The contract includes containers, all-up rounds, and test equipment.

The Air Force last bought a foreign tactical missile in the late 1980s and early ‘90s, acquiring just over 200 “Popeye” missiles from Rafael of Israel. The weapon was purchased in two batches, was given the designation AGM-142 “Have Nap” and equipped the B-52H with a standoff, heavy precision conventional strike capability. The Have Nap was withdrawn in 2004.

In budget justifications, the Air Force said the JSM is “a near-term solution for long-range precision strike capability against maritime surface and land targets in highly contested environments.” It works in “GPS-denied environments,” and is survivable “against advanced threat systems.” The “initial fielding and operational use” will be on the F-35A.

The Air Force said JSM development is complete but F-35A integration is still underway.  

The JSM funding requested “supports the entire weapon system to include resolution of obsolescence, end-of-life buys, bridge buys, supplier/parts replacement, to include electronic components used commercially and in short supply, and qualification activities to preserve and increase future production capabilities and capacity.”

The Air Force said the JSM leverages all F-35 developmental test and evaluation activities so far, and relies on the “integration of network-enabled weapons (NEW) capabilities,” but said its “key characteristics are expected to be classified.”

Kongsberg Aerospace and Defense president Eirik Lie said the selection of JSM for the U.S. Air Force and the Royal Norwegian Air Force “fully supports NATO’s vision for interchangeability of equipment between allied nations.”

CYBERCOM Wields ‘Service-Like’ Authority as It Combines USAF, Army Programs

CYBERCOM Wields ‘Service-Like’ Authority as It Combines USAF, Army Programs

June 5, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

U.S. Cyber Command is establishing a new program executive office to oversee its Joint Cyber Warfighting Architecture—and aims to exercise more “service-like” authorities as it develops a cyber system of systems to support operations and training, its top acquisition official said June 5. 

CYBERCOM launched its joint architecture five years ago to draw disparate capabilities, platforms, and weapons systems from across the services onto a single platform all cyber operators can share. As explained in the Director of Operational Test & Evaluation’s 2023 report, its goal is to “collect, fuse, and process data and intelligence in order to provide situational awareness and battle management at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels while also enabling access to a suite of cyber capabilities needed to rehearse and then act in cyberspace.” 

The Air Force played a large role in the JCWA, contributing the “Unified Platform” that acts as the central data hub and integrates cyber weapons systems, and “Joint Cyber Command and Control,” a system that provides situational awareness and battle management for cyber forces. The Army contributed programs as well. 

Now those elements are transitioning under the authority of CYBERCOM, Command Acquisition Executive Khoi T. Nguyen told industry insiders at the 2024 C4ISRNET Conference on June 5.

The fiscal 2022 National Defense Authorization Act gave CYBERCOM authority over planning, programming, budgeting, and execution for resources related to its Cyber Mission Forces. 

CYBERCOM is working with OSD acquisition and sustainment to stand up this PEO, Nguyen said. “A&S has been a great partner for us. One of the things that they did this last year in 2023 was to give us system engineering and integration authority over all of JCWA. So what that means is we now have the authority to define the interoperability between the different components to help better drive better integration and better interoperability between the different systems.” 

Budget authority transferred over to CYBERCOM for this fiscal year, but Nguyen said there’s more to do to harness service-level activities. “The next thing that we’re working on … is to try to get more acquisition authority over those shops that belong to the services,” he said. “So the next step for us is to work toward getting milestone decision authority or decision authority over those external PM shops.” 

CYBERCOM is requesting some $106 million in fiscal 2025 for research and development on its Unified Platform, plus nearly $97 million for cyber command and control. It’s seeking tens of millions more for operations and maintenance. Budget documents state that in both cases, the command “changed the project structure to more clearly align projects.” 

Nguyen said CYBERCOM wants to reduce redundancies between service components and ensure everyone is working on the same technology “stack.”  

But as CYBERCOM pushes to use more “service-like” authorities, others are thinking even bigger: A growing chorus of lawmakers, experts, and former commanders see potential for yet another military service branch, this one built to recruit, train, and equip forces for cyber missions.  

The House Armed Services Committee’s version of the 2025 National Defense Authorization bill directs the Pentagon to conduct a study on the efficacy of forming a “U.S. Cyber Force. The measure, which must still pass the full House and be reconciled with a Senate version of the bill, may not survive. But last year, the Senate backed a similar provision, suggesting that interest may be reaching a level that both chambers could approve such a study this year.

Some prominent cyber professionals aren’t buying into the idea yet, however. “I think what people have seen that cyber is changing so rapidly that we have to think about how we’re going to organize ourselves,” former CYBERCOM commander Gen. Paul N. Nakasone said in a recent podcast appearance. “I do not think organizing a service is the best way to do that right now.”

Nakasone continued: “Here’s what I do know. The department’s goal should be able to design, deliver, and deploy the most capable cyber forces that address the threats today and into the future. We need to do it in the shortest amount of time possible and we have to do it at the lowest resource cost. And so Cyber Command and the Department of Defense have already started to look at this idea of being able to model [the command] after Special Operations Command.” 

U.S. Special Operations Command is unique in that it draws forces from multiple services, but has its own acquisition authorities, enabling its small, specialized programs to escape competitive pressures within the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, By following this so-called “SOCOM model,” CYBERCOM leaders believe they can continue to leverage the trained forces from across the different service branches, while acquiring tools and technologies for those forces to use in particular, specialized ways across the cyber domain.  

But retired retired Rear Adm. Mark Montgomery, whose report earlier this year for the Foundation for Defense of Democracies called for forming a 10,000-strong Cyber Force, argues that this approach cannot prioritize cyber readiness the way a dedicated Cyber Force could. 

“The biggest problem we have is in the recruitment,” Montgomery said recently. “The people that you are recruiting to get 25,000 Airmen or 30,000 Sailors or 55,000 Soldiers, whatever the numbers are, is an inherently different person than we need for about 1,000 cyber professionals a year.” 

B-1 Bomber Drops Live Munitions in Exercise over South Korea

B-1 Bomber Drops Live Munitions in Exercise over South Korea

June 5, 2024 | By Unshin Lee Harpley

A B-1 Lancer conducted the bomber’s first live munitions drop over South Korea in seven years on June 5. The one-day drill saw the B-1 from the 37th Expeditionary Bomb Squardron, with two Republic of Korea F-15Ks, release live 500-pound GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM).

The bomber and the fighters aimed to hit multiple targets all at once with the exercise, according to a 7th Air Force release.

“This training showcases the incredible capabilities of our combined forces to simultaneously strike multiple targets in a contested environment,” Lt. Gen. David Iverson, U.S. Forces Korea deputy commander and 7th Air Force commander, said in a statement Lt. Col. Christian Hoover, 37th EBS commander, added that the exercise also demonstrated the ability of the B-1 fleet to “conduct precision targeting and strike with live weapons in an unfamiliar location.”

JDAM, a GPS-equipped guidance kit, transforms unguided bombs into precision munitions. JDAM-class weapons are the most frequent air-to-ground munition expended in combat, and the system can be fitted onto all U.S. fighters and bombers.

After the munitions drop, the B-1 joined U.S. Air Force’s F-16s and KC-135 Stratotankers; Marine Corps F-35Bs; and ROK Air Force F-35As and KF-16s, for more air-to-air training over the Korean Peninsula.

South Korea’s Defense Ministry said the deployment of the B-1 bomber is part of the extended deterrence commitment between the two nations, reaffirmed during the Defense Ministers’ meeting in Singapore on June 2.

Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III met with ROK Minister of Defense Shin Won-sik on June 2 at the as part of the annual Shangri-la Dialogue. Austin also met with Japanese Minister of Defense Kihara Minoru to discuss initiatives aimed at enhancing security cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. They condemned North Korea’s recent actions, including nuclear delivery system tests, ballistic missile launches, and illicit arms transfers with Russia.

Austin and the two ministers agreed to implement the first iteration of a new, multidomain trilateral exercise, ‘Freedom Edge,’ this summer.

The bomber exercise comes amid a new surge in tensions between North and South Korea. North Korea recently launched hundreds of balloons filled with trash across the border, prompting the South Korean government to fully suspend the inter-Korean military agreement signed in 2018 that was meant to foster trust between the two countries.