Saltzman: US Can Overcome Hurdles to Develop Space-Based Interceptors

Saltzman: US Can Overcome Hurdles to Develop Space-Based Interceptors

March 20, 2025 | By Greg Hadley

Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman is confident the U.S. defense industry can develop space-based missile interceptors, he said in a prerecorded interview that streamed March 20.

Asked during the Defense One interview about America’s ability to solve perhaps the most complex, ambitious part of President Donald Trump’s “Golden Dome” air and missile defense system, Saltzman said he believed it would happen. ”I am so impressed by the innovative spirit of the American space industry,” Saltzman said. “I’m pretty convinced that we will be able to technically solve those challenges.”

Acknowledging the complexity of what Space Force Lt. Gen. Shawn Bratton has called “no joke of a physics problem,” Saltzman said the challenge will be immense.

“There are a lot of technical challenges,” Saltzman said. “Because it’s not just that we want space-based interceptors. We want them in boost phase. We want them to achieve their effects as far from the homeland as possible. So they’ve got to be fast, they’ve got to be accurate.”

From the time a missile is launched, operators will have just a minute or two—perhaps only seconds—to launch a space-based interceptor. Interceptors in low-Earth orbit will reach the target faster because they’re closer; the downside is that the closer the interceptors are to Earth, the more of them will be needed to defend against attack.

The cost of a large constellation will be high, but worthwhile, Saltzman argued.

“I’m pretty sure they’re going to solve most of those technical problems,” Saltzman said. “So from that standpoint, I think it’s just about how fast can we leverage the technology and put it in place and test it, get a demo out there so we can see what’s possible.”

“To say it’s the responsibility of the U.S. government to protect its citizens from emerging threats makes perfect sense to me,” he said. “You clearly see countries like [China] investing heavily in these kinds of threats, whether it’s hypersonic, whether it’s threats from space. And so now it’s time for the U.S. government to step up to the responsibilities to protect American citizens from those threats.”

Saltzman has previously said he the Space Force will play a “central” role in Golden Dome, and on March 20, he argued that integrating multiple agencies’ efforts will be crucial. 

“That’s a lot of things coming together,” he said. “So the biggest hurdle is integration. How does it all fit together? Can we make such a large effort come together seamlessly? … Because things are going to be happening at supersonic speeds. We’ve got to be able to make the right decisions and put the right data in the right hands of the right shooters.”

Saltzman did not say which agency should have the lead in that integration, however.

Commercial Strength

Saltzman’s confidence in industry was again apparent as he discussed the Space Force’s willingness to cancel or abandon large, legacy programs in favor of smaller, commercial solutions. Referring to USSF’s Commercial Space Strategy, he emphasized the service’s commitment to standardization open systems.

“We’ve really committed to open architectures. We’ve really committed to industry standards,” he said. “We’ve committed to using commercial products wherever we can: commercial busses and satellites, etc. What that’s allowed is a level of interaction between companies to support each other to develop mission capabilities.”

Now, in a bid to control costs and encourage competition, he said the service is eyeing new acquisition strategies.

“If you break the requirements up, it allows those entities to compete better,” he said. “It doesn’t have to be one big, integrated program that’s delivered. [It can be] a series of programs that work together. Smaller programs seem to go a little faster, because you can control the requirements. You control the dollars that are spent. The bigger programs start to get a little more unwieldy. So every chance we get to disaggregate the requirements as an opportunity to go a little faster, be a little better stewards of taxpayer dollars.”

Hegseth Endorses Air Force and Space Force Missions During Meeting with Senior Leaders

Hegseth Endorses Air Force and Space Force Missions During Meeting with Senior Leaders

March 20, 2025 | By Chris Gordon

As the Pentagon weighs shifting billions of dollars in funding, Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth said the Trump administration plans to step up spending on offensive and defense space operations.

“I feel like there’s no way to ignore the fact that the next and the most important domain of warfare will be the space domain,” Hegseth told senior leaders from the Air Force and Space Force on March 19.

“So, you’re going to see far more investment from this administration into that domain, both offensively and defensively … because that’s where we can continue to maintain an advantage,” Hegseth added.

Hegseth has ordered the services to identify 8 percent in budget “offsets” so funds can be reallocated to the new administration’s priorities. One of those priorities is the Golden Dome missile defense initiative, which could very well lead to more money being invested in the Space Force.

Air Force leaders have also touted the service’s importance, including its role in homeland defense. That message appeared to resonate with the new defense chief.

Hegseth said that the Air Force and Space Force will determine whether the American people live in a century “dominated by the U.S. or dominated by the Chinese.”

“It’s our airpower, the next generation of it, and our ability to project it that will be the decisive factor in whether or not we truly deter our peer [adversaries] of the 21st century,” said Hegseth, who stressed that the “Air Force will be a huge part” of the Trump administration’s military spending plans.

The event was first disclosed in a post by Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. David W. Allvin on the social media site X.

Hegeth’s remarks were reported in an article distributed by the Department of Defense. No reporters were present, and a spokesperson for the Office of the Secretary of Defense declined to offer additional details.

Hegseth said wargames have proved that spacepower is decisive, if sometimes underappreciated.

“There are strategic things that can be done that change the entire [warfighting] calculus that no one else is paying attention to, and I would anticipate that [the space domain] is one of those for us,” he said.

Speaking during a recent Defense One event, both Allvin and Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman endorsed the administration’s priorities, including reducing bureaucracy within the Pentagon.

“If you have multiple parts of your Air Force doing the same thing, that’s bureaucracy,” said Allvin. “And when we extract that part out of it to have this Integrated Capability Command that lets them focus on warfighting, now we can sort of revive the warrior ethos and reestablish deterrence by having clear responsibilities for each of the major commands.”

Added Saltzman: “I think in the end, what you’ll see is that because our priorities were so focused on warfighting, so focused on the new emerging threats that everybody is kind of coming to the realization that we have to address, that we were pretty well aligned. We were pretty well aligned with the new administration’s priorities. And so I think the Space Force is going to be in a good spot.”

Trump Appoints 5 New Members to USAFA Board of Visitors

Trump Appoints 5 New Members to USAFA Board of Visitors

March 20, 2025 | By Greg Hadley

The U.S. Air Force Academy is getting a new slate of members for its Board of Visitors, a Congressionally directed oversight committee that monitors issues ranging from morale and discipline to curriculum financial matters.

President Trump has replaced the five members of the board appointed by President Biden with five selections of his own: Sen. Tommy Tuberville (R-Ala.), Doug Nikolai, Dan Clark, Charlie Kirk, and Dina Powell. Trump revealed his picks March 17, a month after ordering the “immediate dismissal” of presidential appointees on each of the military academy’s Board of Visitors.

The Air Force Academy has 17 board positions, of which six are appointed by the president and 11 by leaders in Congress—new members picked from Congress include Reps. Don Davis (D-N.C.), Jeff Crank (R-Colo.), and Gabe Vasquez (D-Texas). Positions are unpaid, but board members can be compensated for travel and per diem costs. At least two of the Presidential board appointments must be for USAFA graduates.

Appointments are nominally for three-year terms, but recent practice has seen new administrations move quickly to remove holdovers nominated by their successors. President Joe Biden and Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III dismissed dozens of defense advisory boards in 2021, including the USAFA Board of Visitors. Hundreds of civilian advisors were dismissed before boards were reset with new members. The Air Force Academhy’s Board of Visitors did not meet for about two and a half years, from November 2020 to April 2022. 

The board’s most recent meeting was in October 2024, with 14 members attending. The next meeting will have a substantially new look, as Biden’s six appointees—including retired Maj. Gen. James Johnson; former Air Force Undersecretary Eric Fanning; and Col. Wesley Spurlock—will be replaced by Trump’s five appointees.  

The board’s website currently lists Sens. Roger Wicker (R-Miss.) and Jack Reed (D-R.I.) as members; as chair and ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, they can each designate one appointee to take their place and have done so in the past, but have yet to announce their new picks. 

Of Trump’s appointees: 

  • Sen. Tommy Tuberville represents Maxwell Air Force Base, home of Air University and a host of other Air Force educational institutes. He’s also shown a key interest in Space Force issues, as the service has ties to Alabama through the Redstone Arsenal base. 
  • Doug Nikolai is a retired Air Force colonel and F-16 pilot who now works as a subject matter expert and simulator instructor for an aviation training company. He has also given speeches to several Christian groups. 
  • Dan Clark is a motivational speaker with ties to the Air Force dating back decades. He has served on the service’s National Civic Leaders Board, giving speeches to Airmen deployed to the Middle East, and even took a course at Air University. 
  • Charlie Kirk is the founder of Turning Point USA, a conservative nonprofit that focuses on student issues 
  • Dina Powell served as Deputy National Security Advisor for strategy during Trump’s first term 

The Board of Visitors offers nonbinding advice and input on USAFA operations. In announcing the dismissal of earlier picks a month ago, Trump charged on social media that the academy boards had been “infiltrated by Woke Leftist Ideologues over the last four years.” His appointees can be expected to focus on social and cultural issues, such as curbing programs related to diversity, equity and inclusion.

DARPA Eyes Quantum Sensors That Are Easier to Buy, Tougher in the Field

DARPA Eyes Quantum Sensors That Are Easier to Buy, Tougher in the Field

March 20, 2025 | By Shaun Waterman

The Pentagon’s scientists are adding funding heft and focus to the growing research effort on how quantum sensors can provide localized position, navigation, and timing (PNT) data to supplement or even replace hackable and jammable space-based GPS and other radio receivers. 

Earlier this year, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, or DARPA, launched its new Robust Quantum Sensors program. It seeks to solve fundamental engineering challenges that have hampered the transition of quantum sensing from the laboratory to the battlefield, program manager Jonathan Hoffman told Air & Space Forces Magazine.  

But the program also aims to address a more esoteric problem: how to get innovative new technology like quantum sensors funded by the Defense Department’s massive and sometimes byzantine acquisition system. 

Phase one invites companies and research institutions to offer proposals to prove out engineering solutions for quantum sensors that detect tiny changes in “electric fields, magnetic fields, acceleration, rotation, [and] gravity,” said Hoffman.  

Measuring gravitational or magnetic fields in one place, and then comparing that to detailed maps of the earth’s fields has been called quantum orienteering, because of its resemblance to map-based location techniques using physical landmarks. 

It can provide localized alternative PNT data if GPS is denied by enemy jamming. The DARPA solicitation also covers quantum devices that receive radio frequency (RF) signals. 

In phase two, Hoffman said, the program will seek to match any successful engineering solutions from phase one with a military platform, like a tank, ship or aircraft, on which engineers can integrate their solutions. If the match is successful, the program office for the tank, ship, or aircraft can start buying the devices right away, providing a robust income stream and carrying the successful teams over the notorious “Valley of Death,” the long and sometimes fatal interval between developing a technology and getting paid to deliver it to warfighters.  

“In phase two, we want to rapidly transition this to acquisition programs of record, and the successful teams in phase one will be invited to propose to actually integrate onto a program of record platform,” Hoffman said, adding that a technical team from the government would look for possible matches.

A key to making that happen is developing tech that can stand up to the harsh conditions of the battlespace. Prototypes for phase one are meant to be inherently robust, Hoffman said.

Current engineering approaches to quantum sensing creates the most sensitive instruments possible—the ones that work best in the laboratory—and then rely on “band aids” to mitigate interference, said Hoffman.

“So I’ll place my really exquisite sensor at the end of a boom on this aircraft to get it far away from all of the electronics on board that cause interference,” he said. “Or I’ll put a giant bunch of cancellation coils in place. … Each of those band aids can maybe work for a specific platform, but it’s not generalizable.” 

“This program is not about band aids,” Hoffman said at a DARPA proposers day. “This program is about overcoming these challenges at the sensor level.” 

He stressed that DARPA doesn’t want to be prescriptive about technical approaches. “We’re open to any idea that achieves the metrics,” he said. 

In phase one, the competing teams spend the first 12 months building a prototype. Then DARPA will spend the next 18 months testing it on a helicopter. 

“The metric [for success] is very simple for phase one,” Hoffman told the audience of industry and academic researchers. “Maintain your state-of-the-art sensitivity throughout a helicopter flight. That’s it.” 

If a quantum sensor can work on a helicopter, it can work pretty much anywhere, he told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

“We chose one of the harshest platform environments we could think of, in terms of interference that we’ve seen being problems for quantum sensors, like [electrical] fields, field grids, and vibrations.” 

Successful competitors will emerge from phase one with platform-agnostic technology, Hoffman said. “We want to make sure that everyone’s exposed to these environments to prove that their concept works, and we can integrate it onto any platform in the future.” 

By producing platform agnostic devices, Hoffman said, the program aims to collapse “the technology development chain” making it unnecessary to re-engineer the same technology multiple times for different platforms.  

“If we can close the gap on all of that, we can rapidly go from concept to fielded acquisition device, and that’s one of the really difficult experiments we’re trying to run in this program,” he said, adding “We’re very hopeful and optimistic that it will be successful.” 

The solicitation is open until March 30. 

Air Force, Navy Pitched Trump to Keep Their NGAD Programs Intact

Air Force, Navy Pitched Trump to Keep Their NGAD Programs Intact

March 19, 2025 | By John A. Tirpak

The Air Force and Navy have briefed President Donald Trump on their respective Next-Generation Air Dominance programs, asking that the projects proceed largely as they now stand, government and industry sources told Air & Space Forces Magazine. It’s not clear whether the services came away with firm decisions about the future of the aircraft.

The White House requested the briefings, sources said. Chief of Staff Gen. David W. Allvin presented the Air Force case, while Vice Chief of Naval Operations Adm. James Kilby gave the Navy brief.  

In its 2025 budget request, the Air Force outlined $19.6 billion in NGAD spending in the next five years, making it the most expensive program in the service’s research and development budget.

While the Navy intends to award a contract of its version of a sixth-generation fighter—called the F/A-XX—in the coming months, the Air Force NGAD has been on a “pause” since last summer, when former Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall ordered a review of the program. He wanted to know if NGAD as structured was still necessary, or whether air superiority can be achieved in a less costly way. Kendall has quoted a figure of “multiple hundreds of millions” per NGAD fighter, which would succeed the F-22 as the Air Force’s most advanced air superiority aircraft.

Kendall later said another option looked at was a more “multirole” aircraft, along the lines of the F-35, but designed to control many autonomous Collaborative Combat Aircraft. The CCA effort is on the same budget line as NGAD.

Since then, an internal Air Force review, as well as one from a blue-ribbon commission of stealth experts, has concluded the capabilities of NGAD are still required, despite its high cost, especially in the event of war with China. The NGAD is usually described as a “family of systems,” with a crewed sixth-gen fighter—known as the Penetrating Combat Aircraft—at the center of a formation which includes autonomous escorts and other off-board systems. Service leaders in recent weeks have said it’s important to get right the “mix” of NGAD and CCAs.

Kendall, who was on the verge of announcing a winner in the NGAD competition in December, opted to leave the decision on how to proceed to the incoming Trump administration because, he said, it would have to live with the choice. The Air Force has since given the two remaining NGAD competitors contracts of an undisclosed value for Technology Maturation and Risk Reduction (TMRR). An industry source said the TMRR contracts, which extend through the end of the fiscal year, will allow refinement of their proposals, but more importantly, keep the two design teams together and “momentum” going until a way forward is decided, he said.   

Allvin, speaking March 18 at the McAleese annual Defense Program Conference, said “the family-of-systems does need a high-end penetrating capability.” As to whether the new administration will greenlight the project, he said “with regard to the overall package” of proposed air superiority solutions, “I think this administration will be making that decision, and we’re going to move out on that. But you do need the ability to maintain air superiority and penetrate contested environments.”

At the AFA Warfare Symposium in Aurora, Colo., earlier this month, Allvin said the U.S. is in a particularly “dangerous and dynamic” period, and he wants to be able to “give the president as many options as we possibly can.” That means “yes, NGAD.”

In the months since Kendall’s pause on the NGAD program, service leaders have emphatically denied they are ceding the stand-in air battle to adversaries and shifting toward a stand-off force.

“The fight looks fundamentally different with NGAD than without NGAD,” Maj. Gen. Joseph D. Kunkel, the Air Force’s director of force design, integration and wargaming, said at the Hudson Institute in February.

The fight “looks much better when NGAD is in it,” he said. It “remains an important part of our force design, and it fundamentally changes the character of the fight in a really, really good way for the Joint Force.” With the NGAD, the fight “is easier,” he said. Without it, “we may not be able to pursue or achieve all of our policy objectives.”

Either way, what the Air Force must have, Kunkel said, is a mixture of stand-in, stand-off, and “asymmetric” capabilities to achieve air superiority where and when the Air Force most needs. He also noted that NGAD is a “package deal” and requires an advanced, stealth tanker and the success of the CCA concept to work.

The Navy and the Air Force are not pursuing a joint NGAD program as they did with the F-35; each NGAD is optimized to the respective services’ needs. However, each branch is observing the other’s effort and the two services have agreed to share, as much as possible, enabling capabilities such as propulsion, avionics, sensors, and weapons.

Industry officials have said that Lockheed Martin recently withdrew from the Navy program, leaving Boeing and Northrop Grumman as the likely contenders; Northrop CEO Kathy Warden has said her company is pursuing the project. She also reported Northrop is not seeking the Air Force contract, which is therefore likely a contest between Boeing and Lockheed.

Lt. Gen. Dale R. White, the Air Force’s senior uniformed acquisition official, said at the McAleese conference that while the NGAD decision was paused, “we did not pause the approach and strategy and the things we’re doing to make sure we have the technology.”

White, who said he was in on the “ground floor” of the NGAD program, said it was created with “an acquisition strategy that allows you to make real-time decisions.”

The strategy requires that “you maximize competition. And you define all off-ramps. You define trades. …As what we call ‘real life happenings’ occur, we can make real-time adjustments.”

He also said the program has proved to be a pathfinder in three areas that will govern all future Air Force programs: “digital engineering, open architectures and modern software practices.” This approach ensures that the “government [has] greater control” in steering upgrades and modernization of the system. He likened the NGAD to a smartphone, with many apps that can be added and deleted as needed without restructuring the platform. This “common architecture that multiple platforms and systems subscribe to … that’s going to drive a level of interoperability that we’ve never seen.”

Pentagon Editor Chris Gordon contributed to this report.

Air Force Fighters Use New Laser-Guided Rockets to Shoot Down Houthi Drones

Air Force Fighters Use New Laser-Guided Rockets to Shoot Down Houthi Drones

March 19, 2025 | By Chris Gordon

U.S. Air Force fighters have been using laser-guided rockets to down Houthi drones that are attacking ships in the Red Sea, as the U.S. military seeks to drive down the cost of defeating cheap uncrewed systems, officials said.

The system is the AGR-20 Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS)—Hydra-70 rockets that have been converted with a laser guidance kit to turn them into precision-guided munitions. It was designed for air-to-ground use but has now been used to shoot down drones, U.S. officials said.

Those rockets cost less than $40,000, the officials say, a significant advancement in driving down the cost of defeating the hundreds of drone attacks launched by the Houthis, as well as Iranian-aligned militants in Iraq and Syria. Iran has also launched drones at Israel that the Air Force has shot down, though the only confirmed use of rocket systems has been against the Houthis.

To shoot down drones, the Air Force has previously used AIM-120 AMRAAM medium-range radar-guided missiles, which cost roughly $1 million each, or short-range AIM-9 Sidewinders, which carry a price tag of hundreds of thousands of dollars depending on the variant. The most capable and latest model, which is often seen on Air Force fighters, is the AIM-9X, which costs around half a million dollars. The rockets offer a cheaper option in some situations.

On March 19, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) released a video on the social media site X of U.S. fighter aircraft downing Houthi one-way attack drones with APKWS rockets.

The video was of engagement by Air Force fighters of Houthi drones over the Red Sea within the past two days, a U.S. defense official told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. David W. Allvin confirmed the service’s involvement in a post on X. “I love watching our Airmen at work!” Allvin wrote in response to the video released by CENTCOM. “The APKWS (~$35K each) is a fraction of the cost of missiles like the AMRAAM (~$1M each) or AIM-9 (~$500K each). More savings. More lethality. More Air Force.”

On March 16, Air Force fighters helped defeat a Houthi drone attack on Navy warships, though the systems that were used in that episode have not been disclosed.

President Donald Trump began a military campaign on March 15 against the Iranian-backed Houthis, who have waged war against shipping in the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea, and the Bab El-Mandeb Strait for over a year, launching hundreds of attacks on shipping. The Houthis control much of Yemen.

“Tremendous damage has been inflicted upon the Houthi barbarians, and watch how it will get progressively worse,” Trump wrote on March 19 on his social media platform Truth Social. “It’s not even a fair fight, and never will be. They will be completely annihilated.”

Trump also wrote that Tehran was still sending military support to Yemen, though less than in the past, and urged it to stop immediately. 

U.S. forces have launched several large-scale attacks on Houthi facilities during that time, including under the Biden administration. But the Trump administration has expanded the target set to include Houthi leaders and is involved in what appears to be open-ended operations. 

The aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman, which is in the Red Sea, has launched airstrikes. The U.S. has also used Tomahawk land attack cruise missiles launched by nearby U.S. Navy ships in the Truman’s carrier strike group.

The U.S. military is expected to send additional aircraft to the Middle East, U.S. officials previously told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

Officials declined to specify which type of fighter shot down the drones with the rockets in the latest engagement, but U.S. Air Force F-16s have been observed carrying rocket pods in recent months, including in the Middle East. The War Zone reported in January that the system had been used to engage drones in the Middle East.

Some Air Force F-16s in the region have been seen fitted with LITENING infrared targeting pods and one or two Hydra rocket pods, as well as AMRAAMs and AIM-9s. To guide an APKWS rocket, the target must be laser-designated or “lazed,” unlike more expensive “fire-and-forget” missiles. This means air-to-air use of the rocket pods is most suited to defeating slow-flying targets such as one-way attack drones.

The Air Force first demonstrated the ability to use APKWS rockets in an air-to-air role in 2019 in what officials said at the time was a “proof of concept,” but the system had not been used operationally until last year.

The Houthis have launched missiles and drones at U.S. ships more than 170 times and commercial vessels more than 145 times since they began their campaign in late 2023, Pentagon spokesman Sean Parnell said on March 17.

The Houthis have said they have targeted the Truman and other Navy ships in response to the latest U.S. military action, but the carrier was never in danger. 

“The Houthis claim to have tried to attack the Harry S. Truman. Quite frankly, it’s hard to tell. Because while we’re executing precision strikes, they missed by over 100 miles,” Air Force Lt. Gen. Alexus G. Grynkewich, Director of Operations for the Joint Staff, told reporters. “There’s also been a number of other attempts to interdict vessels in the Red Sea using UAVs and some cruise missiles as well. All of those have been easily defeated by our fighter aircraft that are there.”

The Houthis have vowed to retaliate against the U.S. for its attacks and to continue to attack shipping. The group, which was designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the State Department earlier this month, has said its actions are motivated by Israel’s war in Gaza against Hamas.

The Houthis have launched drones and missiles at Israel, though most of the commercial ships targeted have no affiliation with Israel. The Houthis resumed their attacks on shipping earlier this month after the collapse of a ceasefire deal between Israel and Hamas.

U.S. strikes “will continue in the coming days until we achieve the president’s objectives,” Grynkewich said.

F-35s, Air Task Force Deploy to Korea for ACE Exercise

F-35s, Air Task Force Deploy to Korea for ACE Exercise

March 19, 2025 | By Unshin Lee Harpley

The U.S. Air Force is testing some of major capabilities and concepts—F-35s, Air Task Forces, and Agile Combat Employment—in South Korea this month for the latest iteration of Freedom Shield exercise.

The joint exercise, which started March 10 and lasts until March 21, also includes U.S. Navy and Republic of Korea Air Force assets, including their own F-35s.

The U.S. Air Force deployed its F-35s from Kadena Air Base, Japan, to Cheongju Air Base in South Korea, ahead of the 11-day exercise. The fighters belong to the Vermont Air National Guard and have been stationed at Kadena since January as part of the Air Force’s ongoing fighter rotation there.

Early in the exercise, USAF and ROKAF F-35s practiced dynamic targeting and aerial refueling. The same day, Navy F-35Cs joined the mix, flying alongside the F-35As over the USS Carl Vinson, which docked in Korea early this month.

“Rehearsing combat operations with ROKAF, USAF, and United States Navy fifth-generation aircraft demonstrates the unmatched, high level of readiness and capability of our forces,” Lt. Gen. David Iverson, Seventh Air Force commander, said in a release.

North Korea fired several ballistic missiles into the sea on the first day of the exercise, just hours after it began, calling the annual training “nuclear war rehearsals” through its state-run media.

“The DPRK presents a formidable threat—one that the Republic of Korea is well accustomed to countering,” Lt. Col. Brian Wagner, 134th EFS director of operations, said in a release. “However, when you factor in the broader geopolitical landscape, including shifting relationships and strategic competition with regional powers, it becomes even more critical for us to adapt as a combined force.”

In a release before the exercise, U.S. Forces Korea spokesperson Army Col. Ryan Donald said the event would “reflect” realistic threats, “including the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s military strategy, tactics, and capabilities.”

USAF said it is also testing its Agile Combat Employment concept across multiple areas for the exercise. ACE entails small teams of Airmen dispersing from large central bases to operate from remote or austere locations, complicating an adversary’s targeting. Elements of the exercise included quickly repositioning F-35s from Japan to Korea and integrating fourth- and fifth-gen fighters including its F-16s and A-10s, with the South Korean air force.

“Executing ACE in this region presents unique challenges,” said 1st Lt. Benjamin Meyer, an F-35 pilot assigned to the 134th EFS. “A key part of FS is identifying what we can accomplish together, where we may fall short, and refining our execution plan so we’re ready if the time comes.”

Osan Air Base in Korea, home of the 7th Air Force, now hosts 31 F-16s after nine were relocated from Kunsan Air Base last summer. The move is part of a yearlong test to look at a stronger fighter presence at the 36th Fighter Squadron, closer to the North Korean border. This “Super Squadron” experiment has been a part of Freedom Shield by “engaging in combat training missions focused on air interdiction, close air support, static and dynamic targeting, and combat air patrols,” the 7th Air Force spokesperson told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

“Several 36th Fighter Squadron aircraft also participated in an Agile Combat Employment, or ACE, movement to an alternate base to rehearse the unit’s ability to quickly maneuver forces around the region while maintaining combat flying operations,” the spokesperson added.

The 11th Air Task Force from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Ariz., also deployed to Korea to provide a command-and-control hub, ensuring force sustainment across contested areas.

This is the first deployment for the Air Task Force, which only stood up in October. The Air Force is reinventing how it organizes troops for deployments and created six ATFs to establish a system where Airmen deploy as units, having already trained and worked together. Exercises like Freedom Shield will help them refine their skills.

A 7th Air Force spokesperson declined to provide the number of each aircraft involved in the exercise, citing operational security, but added that the unit is conducting a “full-scale rehearsal of our capabilities at the tactical and operational levels.”

Aircraft in Freedom Shield 25

U.S. Air Force: F-35, F-16, A-10, MQ-9, MC-130J, CV-22

U.S. Navy: F-35C

Republic of Korea Air Force: F-35A, F-15K, (K)F-16, FA-50, KC-330, C-130, CASA CN-235, HH-60, CH-47, HH-32

Is Traffic Getting onto Base a Readiness Issue?

Is Traffic Getting onto Base a Readiness Issue?

March 19, 2025 | By David Roza

At the 1st Special Operations Wing at Hurlburt Field in Florida, hundreds of Air Commandos have to be able to get to base to launch a mission at a moment’s notice.

But what happens if they get called in and race over, only to face a line of cars a mile long waiting to get through the gate?

Heavy traffic getting onto bases have afflicted many military bases across the country before. But the end of remote work and telework for most federal employees, coupled with issues specific to different bases, means the problem is getting renewed attention across the Air Force.

Last month, officials at Hill Air Force Base in Utah told local media they saw a bump in traffic as employees returned to in-person work. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio put out a release saying the same thing and adjusting their gate hours to accommodate the heavy flow.

“On top of executing projects stemming from an increased focus on our gates over the last few years, we now have been working to mitigate rapidly developed congestion problems caused by recent events,” said Brady Klein, a civil engineer with the 88th Civil Engineer Group.

An Air Force official told Air & Space Forces Magazine anecdotally that there was a large traffic increase at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla.

Earlier this month, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona got its own influx of traffic as extra troops arrived there to assist with the Pentagon’s growing mission at the southern border.

“I understand that increased traffic and wait times can be frustrating as we navigate an influx of personnel on our installation,” Col. Scott Mills, 355th Wing commander, said in a March 13 statement. “Please extend patience and understanding to our fellow Airmen and Army guests as each of us plays a vital role in showcasing our commitment to excellence and executing this mission.”

The popular unofficial Facebook page Air Force amn/nco/snco is full of posts from Airmen at those bases and others describing hourslong delays at gates in recent weeks.

The increase in congestion comes on top of traffic problems that have frustrated Airmen and Guardians for years now—and drawn the attention of leadership including Col. Patrick Dierig, commander of the 1st SOW at Hurlburt.

“I never want to be in the position of calling the Air Force Special Operations Command commander and saying the mission failed because of a traffic jam,” Dierig said, according to a March 14 press release.

Fixing these issues often takes close cooperation with local, state, and federal agencies. Peterson Space Force Base, Colo. and Fort Cavazos, Texas, received about $10 million each last year from the federal Defense Community Infrastructure Program to help with gate access and reduce traffic congestion. Some states such as Florida also offer military infrastructure improvement grants.

Last year, then-Vice Chief of Staff Gen. James C. Slife highlighted that cooperation at an Association of Defense Communities conference.

“This relationship between the local installations and the state and local governments can be really really powerful and do good things to improve the safety and resilience and the mission readiness, frankly, of our installations,” Slife said.

Dierig is trying to tap into that partnership. Last week, he met with Florida state lawmakers to improve the infrastructure surrounding Hurlburt.

Located on the Florida panhandle, Highway 98 is the only major road to Hurlburt, so when an accident or road construction happens, it can take hours to get to and from the base, an Air Force official told Air & Space Forces Magazine. That is a headache for day-to-day commuting, but is also a security risk for responding to the national defense equivalent of a 9-1-1 call.

“Highway 98 traffic is not a matter of convenience for the 1st SOW,” Dierig told lawmakers. “The traffic is a readiness issue.” 

That specific issue dates back years—at the conference last year, Slife recalled his own time leading the 1st SOW from 2011 and 2013 and described the intersection in front of Hurlburt’s front gate as “the most dangerous intersection in the state of Florida.” To win support for building an overpass, he even timed a visit from then-Governor Rick Scott so that Scott had to drive through the intersection at the most busy time of day.

“He sat in traffic for 30 minutes trying to get onto Hurlburt Field,” Slife said. “The money flowed rather quickly right afterwards.”

Officials broke ground on the overpass in 2013, but traffic remains a challenge, and the congestion has gotten somewhat worse since the end of remote work, an Air Force official said.

There could be hope for service members stationed at Hurlburt or Eglin at least. Last month, President Donald Trump nominated Dale Marks, executive director of Eglin’s 96th Test Wing, to serve as assistant secretary of defense for energy, installations, and the environment. Having served in his current post since 2022, Marks is likely well-acquainted with traffic struggles in the region.

China Practicing ‘Dogfighting in Space,’ US Space Force Says

China Practicing ‘Dogfighting in Space,’ US Space Force Says

March 18, 2025 | By Chris Gordon

China has been using experimental satellites to practice “dogfighting” in space, the U.S. Space Force’s No. 2 officer said March 18, the latest in a series of revelations as to how America’s adversaries may seek to disrupt U.S. space operations in the future.

The Chinese maneuvers include a series of what the Space Force calls “proximity operations” that were conducted in low-Earth orbit last year.

Vice Chief of Space Operations Gen. Michael A. Guetlein said the operations involved “five different objects in space maneuvering in and out and around each other in synchronicity, and in control.”

“That’s what we call dogfighting in space,” he said at the McAleese and Associates annual Defense Programs Conference. “They are practicing tactics, techniques, and procedures to do on-orbit space operations from one satellite to another.”

Though Guetlein did not identify the country that conducted the maneuvers at the conference, a Space Force spokesperson later said that he was referencing Chinese activities which were documented in commercially available information.

“China conducted a series of proximity operations in 2024 involving three Shiyan-24C experimental satellites and two Chinese experimental space objects, the Shijian-6 05A/B. These maneuvers were observed in low earth orbit,” the spokesperson told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

Guetlein said these activities by U.S. adversaries explain why the Space Force needs to transform itself into a service that no longer treats space as a benign environment and are validation for its existence and funding, which at $30 billion a year is the lowest budget among the DOD’s military services. 

At the AFA Warfare Symposium on March 3, Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman said “space superiority” was now a “core function” for the service.

“Space superiority is the reason that we exist as a service, and the vagaries of warfighting must inform everything we do if we are going to succeed,” Saltzman said.

But what worries Guetlein the most is what might be to come.

“Unfortunately, our current adversaries are willing to go against international norms of behavior, go against that gentleman’s agreement, and they’re willing to do it in very unsafe and unprofessional manners,” Guetlein said. “The new norms of behavior in space, unfortunately, within the past three years: jamming, spoofing, dazzling … cyber hacks are happening all around us on a day-to-day basis.”

China is rapidly expanding its counterspace capabilities, including ground-launched anti-satellite missiles, as shown in this illustration. Mike Tsukamoto/staff and Pixabay

The new capabilities adversaries are seeking include Russia’s effort to deploy a nuclear anti-satellite weapon, for example. Adversaries already have the “ability to laze our current … intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance satellites,” Guetlein said.

“We’ve got to change our culture. We’ve got to change our training. We got to change our [tactics, techniques, and procedures], our [concept of operations]. We’ve got to change our kit going forward. Because this is the most complex and challenging strategic environment that we have seen in a long time—if not ever.” Guetlein said. “We need a credible fighting force, and we need the capability to deter and, if necessary, defeat aggression. That is the inflection point that you’re seeing today.”