Bomber Task Force Refuels With Airmen-Designed Kit Fit for ACE

Oct. 14, 2021 | By Abraham Mahshie

Master Sgt. Jason Yunker literally scribbled his hot-pit refueling idea on the back of a bar napkin. As of Oct. 11, it became part of the Air Force’s new operational concept of agile combat employment while promising to save his command more than $1 million a year.

At Spangdahlem Air Base in Germany, the Airmen-invented Versatile Integrated Partner Equipment Refueling kit, or VIPER, refueled a B-1 bomber for the first time following a Bomber Task Force Mission-Europe operation in the Baltic region.

“It’s making waves—it’s doing great things,” U.S. Air Forces in Europe-Air Forces Africa spokesperson 1st Lt. Charis Bryan told Air Force Magazine on Oct. 14.

The Air Force has typically sent refueling trucks to air bases at a cost of $80,000 each by air or $14,000 each over land in Europe, with wait times between three and 10 days. As a non-hazardous material unit, the VIPER kit can empty of fuel in 10 minutes and weighs a sixth of a refueling truck.

The VIPER kit is projected to save USAFE-AFAFRICA nearly $1.3 million annually in fuel truck-shipping costs alone.

The kit uses host nation refueling equipment to refuel any U.S. Air Force aircraft, anywhere in the world, functioning as a universal fuel adapter. It also helps the Air Force implement its Agile Combat Employment concept, which seeks to rely less on large, traditional air bases.

“The big difference is that it can basically adapt to different types of aircraft,” said Bryan from Ramstein Air Force Base following the first bomber refueling. The VIPER had already refueled an F-16.

Yunker and fellow 52nd Fighter Wing, 52nd Logistics Readiness Squadron member Master Sgt. Tim Peters designed the VIPER kit from pre-existing Air Force materials and competed at AFWERX’s 2021 Spark Tank finals during the Air Force Association’s virtual Aerospace Warfare Symposium in February.

The innovation, Yunker said at the time, mimics how pitstops quickly service race cars. He said the idea came to him while deployed on a bomber mission in the summer of 2020, when two fuel trucks had to be shipped for one 10-minute bomber refueling.

“That’s when we realized we have to find a better way,” he told a panel of nine celebrity judges that included acting Secretary of the Air Force John P. Roth, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr., and Chief of Space Operations Gen. John W. “Jay” Raymond.

While the innovation did not win the overall $2 million Spark Tank prize, it was the viewer’s choice, and as a top-five finalist, the team received $1.2 million to complete the project.

“The innovation is hopefully going to change the standard for how we do our jobs,” Yunker said in an Oct. 14 Air Force press release.

Yunker underscored how the mobile refueling sled can be used at any NATO-interoperable location or civilian airport, making it employable for hot-pit refueling—one in which engines remain on—at austere locations in the European or Indo-Pacific theaters.

There are currently two fully functional VIPER hot-pit refueling systems. By the end of 2021, USAFE is expected to distribute more than 20 additional VIPER kits to various locations throughout Europe and the Pacific.

“One of the beauties of it is that the crew can actually stay inside the aircraft, meaning that it’s that much faster,” Bryan said.

“Everything is moving as fast as possible, and you’re building up that agility aspect of it—of getting on the ground, refueling, getting back up in the sky,” she added.

When VIPER won fan favorite at the AFWERX Spark Tank competition in February, Yunker recalled the moment he first shared his bar napkin design: “I was like, ‘Hey, is this a good idea?’ And somebody was like, ‘I think so.’ And then, we just went with it.”

Bidder Maxar is Protesting SDA’s Request for 126 SmallSats

Oct. 14, 2021 | By Greg Hadley

On the same day industry proposals were due for a batch of 126 small satellites for the Space Development Agency, one of the contenders filed a protest with the Government Accountability Office.

Maxar Technologies, which provides satellite imagery and builds spacecraft, filed its protest Oct. 8 with the GAO. Offers were due the same day under the request for proposals issued by the SDA for what it calls the Transport Layer Tranche 1.

The GAO will have to issue a report on the protest within 30 days and a decision within 100 days—Jan. 18, 2022.

“Maxar is proud to be able to offer its commercially leading space capabilities to the Space Development Agency’s (SDA) Transport Layer T1TL Request for Proposal,” a Maxar spokesperson said in a statement in response to queries by Air Force Magazine. “Maxar wants to ensure that the government is following its own rules in connection with the procurement and is confident that the SDA is committed to complying with the [federal acquisition regulations].”

SDA characterized protests as “not uncommon”:

“SDA is working with the GAO to achieve fast, accurate and equitable resolution to the protest received on the agency’s Tranche 1 Transport Layer solicitation,” an SDA spokesperson told Air Force Magazine. “SDA is committed to full and open competition and the agency understands protests are a potential and not uncommon part of that process.”

Maxar has won contracts in the past from the Air Force, the Army, U.S. Special Operations Command, and the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, among others, to provide satellite imagery, develop AI-based algorithms, and analyze geospatial data.

However, it has less experience in Defense Department contracts for hardware. In 2018, NASA selected the company’s Space Systems Loral unit as one of three prequalified candidates to compete for a contract called Small Spacecraft Prototyping Engineering Development and Integration—Space Solutions, which was intended to help the Pentagon’s Space Rapid Capabilities Office procure commercially-developed small satellites. The company did not announce any further DOD contracts.

Transport Layer Tranche 1 is intended to be one part of a large constellation of Defense Department satellites that officials say will provide missile warning, communications, data coverage and sharing, and other capabilities for the Pentagon. It’s envisioned with multiple layers and multiple tranches, or batches of satellites, per layer that frequently get updated or replaced with newer tranches. All told, SDA has said the constellation could comprise anywhere from 300 to more than 500 small satellites.

The request for proposals called for up to 126 satellites, divided between six orbital planes split between multiple vendors. Each bidder was instructed to develop two of the orbital planes, along with 42 satellites.

SDA had set a timeline of late 2024 for launching Tranche 1 and is still evaluating how Maxar’s protest may affect that timeline. Tranche 0—a collection of 28 satellites that will provide ballistic missile warning and data sharing capabilities—is expected to launch by March 31, 2023.

At a recent virtual forum hosted by Politico, SDA Director Derek M. Tournear said the agency’s goal is to roll out new capabilities, including new tranches, every two years.

“That is essentially as fast as industry can produce those components,” Tournear said.

Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall and Space Force Chief of Space Operations Gen. John W. “Jay” Raymond have both said the new constellation will provide more resiliency, spreading capabilities out to ensure adversaries cannot disrupt data flow by taking out one or two satellites.

Indeed, SDA said the tracking constellation, when complete, will provide “assured, resilient military data and conductivity” over 95 percent of Earth with at least two satellites at any given time, as well as one satellite covering 99 percent of locations on Earth.

Why the Army Clings to Its Space Troops: ‘Translating Geek to Grunt’

Oct. 13, 2021 | By Abraham Mahshie

FORT CARSON, Colo.—On Jan. 8, 2020, Iran launched theater ballistic missiles at Al Asad Air Base where American troops were stationed in Iraq. The retaliatory strike was in revenge for the killing of Iranian Revolutionary Guard Quds Force leader Qassem Soleimani days earlier. Hundreds of U.S. Soldiers could have been killed by the barrage of 14 rockets.

The 20th Theater Missile Warning Company, part of the Army’s 1st Space Brigade, was in Qatar receiving direct downlink data from a Space Force constellation at the time of the launch.

“We had a specialist that was an E-4, sitting on crew chief that night” in U.S. Central Command, Col. Donald K. Brooks, 1st Space Brigade commander, told Air Force Magazine during a visit to Fort Carson.

In near-real time, the Army space specialist analyzed Overhead Persistent Infrared/Space-Based Infrared System (OPIR/SBIRS) satellite warning data such as point of origin, point of impact, and missile type for the incoming theater ballistic missiles.

The specialist alerted coalition commands at CENTCOM and the 1st Space Brigade detachment commander at Al Asad, who ordered his 30-person element into bunkers.

“Well before those theater ballistic missiles were warhead events on Al Asad base, we had Soldiers sitting in bunkers,” the commander said. “That’s where we work at the tactical, operational level, [employing] strategic capabilities that the Space Force” provides.

The Army says it needs that tactical and operational capability for its forward Soldiers to maneuver in theater and to conduct defensive and offensive operations in and through space.

The Iran incident proved that Army Space is capable of quickly integrating with the Space Force to protect American service members and interests globally. “Army Space” is how the Army colloquially refers to its space functions such as missile defense, space control, and space support.

“As Space and Missile Defense Command’s operational arm, we really do bring space to the warfighter,” Brooks said.

OPIR satellites orbiting in the geosynchronous belt feed direct downlink data to 1st Space Brigade tactical ground stations in places such as Italy, Qatar, Korea, and Japan.

The Army will retain its FA-40 specialists and its GPS maneuvering and space missile defense capabilities, the Department of Defense has determined, rather than fold them into the Space Force.

“Those things that are strategic in nature, that operate in, through the actual space domain itself, I think that’s where it lends credence to go over to the Space Force,” said Brooks, sitting at a table with the 1st Space Brigade’s emblem—an Eagle perched, with wings spread, atop a globe—draped behind him. “If it has roles and responsibilities at the tactical and operational level, I think it could be retained and should be retained.”

The Army’s Case for Space

The 1st Space Brigade is dispersed across 16 locations in 10 countries, including 160 Soldiers in CENTCOM, 140 in U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, and 150 in U.S. European Command. Under the brigade are four missile warning companies and five missile defense batteries, all spread among the INDOPACOM, CENTCOM, and EUCOM theaters, plus several units based at Fort Carson.

“To integrate space, you have to be physically present with those other combatant commands,” Brooks said. “Having that presence forward allows us to integrate space not only within the combatant commands, but really at the Army service component command.”

In the Indo-Pacific, for example, the Army uses space for long-range fires, communication, and missile defense. To maneuver on the ground, the Army uses precision navigation and timing, and imagery. In space control, it has offensive and defensive space capabilities to jam adversary communications and prevent jamming of its own communications.

“Maintaining Army Space is critical to how we fight those large-scale combat operations in the future,” Brooks said.

“We all know the Russian and Chinese strategy with A2AD [anti-access/area denial], and they want to take away our eyes, they want to take away our ears, and they want to take away your ability to speak,” Brooks said. “The Army Space enterprise at the tactical, operational level, that will help those ground force commanders fight through that environment.”

Brooks said space is analogous to helicopters in close air support.

“We aim to achieve close space support the same way we do close air support for those ground maneuver formations,” he said.

Removing space assets or capabilities from the Army and giving them to the Space Force, Brooks argued, would harm the Army’s ability to defend itself and attack efficiently.

“I can have that [capability] in a direct downlink, forward postured, forward deployed in an austere environment or non-permissive environment, sitting right in the hip pocket of a ground force commander that is trying to work timing and tempo to maintain the initiative against an adversary in a close fight,” he said. “That’s where close space support is incredibly critical to that fight.”

Brooks made the case that only Army officers and noncommissioned officers in their original branch will understand warfighting at the Army tactical and operational level well enough to bring space to the warfighting functions. He said having those personnel on scene prevents the vulnerabilities inherent in long-distance communications.

“That tyranny of distance presents a huge vulnerability,” he said. Any delay could “prevent a ground force commander from employing fires or effects at the time and place of his or her choosing, and essentially, losing the momentum in a fight.”

Translating ‘Geek to Grunt’

The Army’s FA-40 space operations officer became a functional specialty in 1999 to help provide space capabilities to the Army at the operational and tactical level. Before he became an FA-40, Brooks was an artillery officer and infantry company commander. Other FA-40s have experience in military intelligence, air defense artillery, infantry, and chemicals.

“That’s really what the Army Space officers bring to this enterprise, that foundational knowledge at the tactical and operational level,” he said.

Another FA-40 in the 1st Space Brigade, Sgt. Maj. Kelly Hart, said Soldiers “get the operational, tactical level time away from the space community” first: “It’s the operational, tactical experience that they bring to space that really defines and helps the mission set—that’s what makes this brigade so great.”

Brooks recalled his time at U.S. Special Operations Command, when a career SOF infantry Soldier offered him a compliment that stuck with him throughout his career in Army Space.

“He said, ‘You were the best person I’ve ever seen to be able to translate geek to grunt, and grunt back to geek,’” recalled Brooks, who has a master’s degree in astrodynamics. “We might not refer to ourselves as space geeks or nerds, but we’re really good at translating.”

The Pull of Space Force

Army officers’ interest in becoming FA-40s has not wavered since the standup of the Space Force, Brooks said, nor has he significantly lost talent.

“There’s always concern that you lose talent, whether that’s to another service or to the civilian world,” Brooks said. “I have not seen something that makes me not sleep at night, as far as losing our Soldiers.”

Of his 1,500 Soldiers, including 90 FA-40s among his 195 officers, about 60 applied for transfer to the Space Force recently, but only five were selected to become Space Force Guardians.

Brooks said retaining FA-40s means showing Army Space warfighters how they can make an impact on operations at various warfighting commands. The rising space threats from China and Russia have even prompted more Soldiers to transfer to FA-40.

“The more and more we know about our adversary, it’s really the rallying cry for people to come to space,” Brooks said.

The Army will transfer some space-based units to the Space Force once the fiscal 2022 defense bills become law. Among the transferring units will be the 1st Space Brigade’s 53rd Signal Battalion as well as combined and regional satellite communications support centers across the continental United States, Hawaii, Japan, and Germany.

“I don’t think the Space Force has taken anything from us that we would need in that fight,” he said. “It’s very complementary.”

Space Operations Command chief Lt. Gen. Stephen N. Whiting said the Space Force has a host of sensors on orbit for missile warning, battlefield awareness, and technical intelligence.

“The Army has space forces to enable their land maneuver mission,” he said in response to a question from Air Force Magazine. “It’s important for the Army to retain some space capabilities.“

The Space Force also maintains space electronic warfare capability, working in sync with the Army to provide support to the commander of U.S. Space Command, Gen. James H. Dickinson.

“We don’t see duplication with what the Army is keeping,” Whiting said. “We think that’s an adjunct to their land maneuver mission set.”

Army 1st Space Brigade intelligence and security officer Capt. Derek Siddoway is convinced that unique Army experiences inform Army space specialists.

“Army Space isn’t going away,” he said.

Brooks couldn’t be more pleased. “Most people don’t truly understand that the Army does have space equities,” he said. “We want to focus on keeping space within the Army because it is super critical to what we do at that tactical and operational level. And when we lose that, I think that’s where it’s going to really hurt our formations, and it’s really going to hurt our ability to fight and win in future conflict.”

New Air Force Trainer Jet Program Supports ‘Reforge’ Concept

Oct. 13, 2021 | By John A. Tirpak

The Air Force’s just-announced program to buy a new jet trainer is meant to support the “Reforge” overhaul of the fighter training enterprise put forward by Air Combat Command last year, but the program is in its earliest stage, and no timing for acquiring the airplane has been set, according to ACC.

“The platform desired is one that will meet the Initial Tactical Training platform requirements within the Reforge [concept of operations],” an ACC spokesperson said. Additionally, USAF is considering the option for it to be “an Adversary Air platform and [have] potential for growth/adaptation as a tactical surrogate.”

Air Force officials said a “tactical surrogate” could teach switchology and procedures to F-16 or F-35 pilots, for example, in a new aircraft in which the displays, possibly the controls, and the performance could be modified to simulate those fighters. The ACC spokesperson said the timing of setting a program to acquire the new aircraft will depend in part on the responses received to the request for information published Oct. 12, and no potential in-service date is yet available.

Service officials have suggested the Boeing/Saab T-7A Red Hawk could, like the T-38, fulfill both the advanced undergraduate pilot training as well as lead-in fighter training and aggressor sparring-partner roles, but the Air Force is exploring competition before settling on a particular type.

The service is “not limiting the aperture to any one platform” and is open to “any and all vendors that can meet the desired design,” the ACC spokesperson said.

The team of Lockheed Martin and Korea Aerospace Industries would likely be considered a contender for the program, as they competed strongly for the Air Force’s advanced trainer competition with their jointly developed T-50A. Air Combat Command is also looking at leasing T-50s, or a similar jet, to develop the Reforge concept while the T-7A completes development and ramps up production in a project known as the RFX. A Lockheed Martin spokesperson could not immediately comment on the company’s plans to respond to USAF’s new request for information.

ACC put forward Reforge—short for “Rebuilding the Forge”—last year as the command’s planned overhaul of the fighter pilot training enterprise. It would consolidate some phases of pilot training and shift some instruction, previously done at receiving fighter training units, back to the undergraduate pilot phase. The goal is to accelerate the time needed to “grow” a flight lead—a fighter pilot who is qualified to lead a two-ship formation—by up to 18 months and free up some frontline fighters now held for training back to combat status.

The Reforge concept was suggested in part by the T-7A’s advanced capabilities. The jet will be able to simulate, onboard, many of the visuals and procedures a pilot would experience in a frontline fighter. Air Education and Training Command has said it does not plan to operate the T-7A as it did the T-38, given that it can do more with the T-7A. The Air Force is not yet sure if the 351 T-7As on order will be enough to make Reforge work; it has options for at least 100 more. Neither ACC nor AETC have discussed whether they will develop a similar program for bomber pilots.

The capabilities the Air Force said it’s looking for in the new Advanced Tactical Trainer echo those of the T-7A, although the Boeing airplane does not yet have external hardpoints, which USAF said it wants to be able to carry training rounds, data pods, electronic warfare gear, and extra fuel. The jet does have the simulation and playback capabilities ACC wants, and a ground simulator for the T-7A already exists; it could be modified to support new missions.

The Reforge concept reduces the time needed to mature newly minted pilots in part by eliminating some of the change-of-station transitions they would otherwise have to make, each incurring lengthy out-of-cockpit delays and loss of momentum in training. Drafts of the concept suggested that transitioning from instruction in the T-7A to a fighter-like variant of it would further smooth out those delays and accelerate training, because of the similarity of the aircraft.

The RFI said the Air Force wants at least 100 new jets in the Advanced Tactical Trainer role and may buy further lots of 50 aircraft, up to 200.

Lockheed Martin Delivers Laser Weapon for AC-130J Gunship

Oct. 13, 2021 | By Greg Hadley

Lockheed Martin has completed factory acceptance testing and delivered a new laser weapon to the Air Force, the defense contractor announced Oct. 6, with the goal of mounting it on the AC-130J gunship.

“Completion of this milestone is a tremendous accomplishment for our customer,” said Rick Cordaro, vice president for Lockheed Martin Advanced Product Solutions, in a press release. “These mission success milestones are a testament of our partnership with the U.S. Air Force in rapidly achieving important advances in laser weapon system development. Our technology is ready for fielding today.”

The Airborne High Energy Laser (AHEL) has been in development at Lockheed Martin since at least 2019, when the company received a contract for integration, testing, and demonstration of such a weapon on the AC-130J aircraft.

Air Force leaders, however, have been talking about the possibility of a laser weapon onboard the AC-130J Ghostrider for much longer than that.

Back in 2015, then-Air Force Special Operations Command boss Lt. Gen. Bradley Heithold issued a challenge—to get a high-powered laser onboard the AC-130J by the end of the decade. That timeline was later pushed back to 2022 by Heithold’s successor, Lt. Gen. Marshall B. “Brad” Webb.

What capabilities the AHEL will bring to the AC-130J remain to be seen. Lockheed Martin claims that its spectrally combined fiber laser weapon systems—of which AHEL is one—are “ready to defend against small rockets, artillery shells and mortars, small unmanned aerial vehicles, small attack boats and lightweight ground vehicles that are approximately a mile away,” according to the company’s website, which also features an image of a hole smoldering in the hood of a pickup.

In response to queries from Air Force Magazine, though, a Lockheed Martin spokesperson said “the specific capabilities of the AHEL laser cannot be discussed at this time” and deferred questions to the Naval Surface Warfare Center’s Dahlgren Division, which gave Lockheed Martin a $12 million, five-year contract award in July 2021 for technical services, integration, testing, and demonstration of the AHEL. The Dahlgren Division subsequently deferred comment to Air Force Special Operations Command.

In 2015, Heithold described the laser weapon as primarily for protection from surface-to-air attacks, as modern threats reduced the windows in which the aircraft could operate.

Webb, however, envisioned it as an offensive capability, too, being used to disable enemies’ communications, transportation, and power supply, according to National Defense Magazine.

In its press release, Lockheed Martin said it has delivered the AHEL for integration with other systems before ground testing and “ultimately flight testing aboard the AC-130J aircraft.” The contractor added that it is on a “rapid schedule” to demonstrate the weapon on the AC-130J.

The AC-130J is used for close air support, air interdiction, and armed reconnaissance, and already features 30 mm and 105 mm cannons, precision-guided missiles, and small-diameter bombs.

Air Force Wants Up to 400 Advanced Fighter Trainers Like T-7s

Oct. 12, 2021 | By John A. Tirpak

The Air Force is seeking “at least 100” and as many as 400 Advanced Tactical Trainer aircraft both to train fighter pilots and to serve as adversary aircraft in training, a role similar to that now performed by the AT-38.

While the Air Force seems likely to be looking at adding to the role of the T-7A, the service did not mention that airplane or its maker, Boeing, in the request for information published Oct. 12.

The service said its RFI is “very similar” to one issued by the Navy for a post-T-45 jet trainer, and to “reduce the burden of crafting a response,” contractors can simply submit the same information as they did to the Navy. The Air Force said it is conducting “market research” to determine what company might be able to respond to the requirement.

Air Education and Training Command, Air Combat Command, and the Life Cycle Management Center did not immediately respond to queries about the RFI. The government wants responses by Nov. 23; it did not specify when it wants to take delivery of the trainer jet.

Air Force leaders have for several years suggested that the T-7 Advanced Jet Trainer could likely be the basis of a companion trainer/aggressor aircraft in the mold of the T-38/AT-38 but have insisted that the new jet must first pass muster as an advanced jet trainer before being adapted to other roles. Former ACC Commander retired Gen. James Holmes said he also could envision the T-7 as the basis for a lower-cost, lightweight export fighter or a homeland defense platform, but the T-7 as yet lacks external hardpoints for weapons and has only an optional aerial refueling system.

The Air Force plans to buy 351 T-7A advanced trainers. If Boeing were to receive the additional work as well, the figure could exceed more than 700 airplanes. In the past, Boeing has suggested a market for the T-7A and variants of at least 1,500 airplanes. Boeing is partnered with Saab of Sweden on the T-7A. Its website says the T-7A has “provisions for growth” to be a light fighter or attack aircraft. Boeing did not return calls by press time.

Lockheed Martin and Korean Aerospace Industries submitted the runner-up in the T-X competition, the T-50A they jointly developed and could potentially partner on for the Advanced Tactical Trainer program as well. That aircraft, plus a combat-capable F-50, have been exported to countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Iraq, and Thailand. Air Combat Command has discussed buying or leasing a handful of T-50As or similar aircraft to develop the “Reforge” future basic fighter trainer program in advance of the T-7As arrival in service, now set for 2024. Full operational capability of the T-7A is slated for 2034; in the interim, the Air Force will continue to operate the T-38.

The RFI said the aircraft sought will be used for initial tactical training, “adversary air support,” and as a “tactical fighter surrogate of existing and future” Air Force frontline fighters. The Air Force wants “feasibility, estimated cost, and schedule for at least 100” of these aircraft and as many as 200 more in lots of 50. The service wants a two-seat airplane “plus an option for a single seat” model with options to use the rear seat area for other mission gear.

The airplane sought would have capability for a speed of Mach 0.9 and be able to “replicate current and future fighter aircraft systems” by providing an embedded training environment to build “transferable skills, systems management skills, and decision-making skills” for weapons employment. The jet is to have a large cockpit display and one hardpoint on each wing to carry at least one Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation pod or a Combat Air Training Missile. The hardpoints also have to be able to carry an external fuel tank or an electronic attack or countermeasures pod or “other future pods.” Endurance is to be 90 minutes, of which 30 minutes would be “tactical maneuvering.” The jet is to have a ceiling of at least 45,000 feet and have a structural instantaneous G of 7.5, plus a sustained 6G maneuver.

The controls must have a “universal stick and throttle connection” to “enable reconfiguration of the flight controls to mimic Hands on Throttle and Stick of frontline” Air Force fighters.

The jet is to have a “secure open architecture.”

The Air Force is “also interested” in capability to use a helmet-mounted display system, onboard power sufficient to power wing stations and electronic countermeasures pods, and an infrared sensor. It has a preference for an airplane with an automatic ground collision avoidance system (GCAS) and a zero-zero ejection seat, as well as an “engineering analysis or option” for aerial refueling and an infrared search and track system (IRST), among other nice-to-have features.

To go with the jet, the Air Force wants a “smart chair” simulation-like device that can provide a virtual reality for ground-based flight practice.

UK Presses UN on Treaty Over Space Weapons

Oct. 12, 2021 | By Amanda Miller

As the United Nations General Assembly contemplates an international treaty to prevent an arms race in space, international support for such an effort appears to be gaining steam.

A “global wave of opinion,” meanwhile, in the form of an open letter, is adding momentum to the idea of first agreeing on a single urgent issue.

The United Kingdom’s Permanent Representative to the U.N.’s Conference on Disarmament Aidan Liddle said Oct. 6 that the U.K. plans to introduce a resolution in the current session to form a working group to study how to prevent “an arms race in outer space.” The U.N., he told the General Assembly’s First Committee, “must look broadly at the behaviors, actions, and omissions that could lead to conflict, not only at capabilities or placement of weapons.”

Michael Byers, co-director of the University of British Columbia’s Outer Space Institute, called a working group “the first step in treaty negotiations” during a webinar Oct. 12. Byers is UBC’s Canada Research Chair in Global Politics and International Law and also a law professor at Duke University. He is a visiting professor at several universities abroad. He is among a number of experts who signed an open letter in September calling for a limited-scope treaty to ban kinetic anti-satellite weapon tests similar to past tests performed by the U.S., China, Russia, and India. Other signers included representatives from academia, think tanks, and former diplomats and government officials.

The letter’s authors superimposed the debris trajectories from India’s 2019 test—only those pieces big enough to be tracked—onto a future orbital scenario involving four planned megaconstellations of communications satellites. While India made “a good-faith effort” to limit debris at the time, the future scenario of such a ground-launched missile rendered an altogether dangerous outcome.

“You get this very visual, almost shocking, insight into how dangerous another anti-satellite weapon test would be in this new environment—literally tens of thousands of additional satellites, and the debris all crossing those orbital shells,” Byers said. “The chances of a collision would be almost exponentially higher” and could render “at least part of low-Earth orbit too dangerous for astronauts and very risky” for satellites.

Scientists have known for decades that “one collision—by creating tens or hundreds or thousands of pieces of additional debris—will then increase the chances of subsequent collisions,” Byers said. “If another test takes place, perhaps by Pakistan or Iran or North Korea, it could be catastrophic.”

Byers said he’s optimistic that the limited treaty could be agreed on quickly for a few reasons: The “major spacefaring states don’t need to test anymore” and have the ability to simulate and conduct nondestructive “fly-by tests, where they just aim at a set of coordinates, rather than an actual satellite,” Byers said. He also cited the 1962 “test called Starfish Prime, at 400 kilometers above the Pacific Ocean,” which “worked much better as an anti-satellite weapon than the United States had expected,” Byers said. The test disabled six satellites, including three operational satellites belonging to the U.S.

Wihin a year, Byers said, the Soviet Union, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom negotiated the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty, which banned nuclear testing in space. “It was the first space treaty—it was before the Outer Space Treaty—so whether it was a realization of a risk to access to low-Earth orbit [or something else], the spacefaring states came together and negotiated, and that’s what we’re suggesting needs to be done with respect to kinetic anti-satellite weapons tests” today.

Byers said a wider space weapons treaty has been stalled in the U.N.’s Conference on Disarmament, which requires a consensus to pass measures, and applauded the U.K.’s strategy of taking the issue to the General Assembly, which instead requires a majority vote.

A vote could come within weeks, Byers predicted.

Thousands of Airmen Will Miss USAF’s COVID Vaccination Deadline

Oct. 12, 2021 | By Abraham Mahshie

A full-court press by Air Force leaders to encourage vaccines won’t be enough to prevent thousands of Airmen and Guardians from missing Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall’s Nov. 2 deadline for Active-duty troops to get COVID vaccinations, just three weeks away.

As of Oct. 11, 95.9 percent of Active-duty Airmen and Guardians had received an initial dose, and 86.5 percent were fully vaccinated. That means nearly 13,000 Airmen and Guardians could face disciplinary action.

“We continue to make progress on this,” Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby told defense journalists Oct. 12.

Department-wide, 96.7 percent of Active-duty service members have received at least one dose, and 83.7 percent are fully vaccinated, Kirby said.

“The Secretary’s expectation is that commanders will try to get these troops to make the right decision based on information and education,” Kirby added. “It’s a lawful order, so obviously if after all that effort the lawful order is disobeyed, there could be disciplinary action.”

Kirby said commanders have “lots of tools” available short of using the Uniform Code of Military Justice to threaten or punish service members for not taking the vaccine by the deadline imposed by their service.

Air Force spokesperson Rose Riley told Air Force Magazine that once the deadline passes, disciplinary actions will range from verbal counseling to administrative discharge.

“Commanders have full authority to use the UCMJ in terms of how they approach disciplinary action,” she said.

The Air Force wants to avoid that.

Kendall and Undersecretary of the Air Force Gina Ortiz Jones “have both been active on their social media accounts in terms of reminding Airmen of the importance, reminding them of the deadlines that we’ve established,” Riley said.

In a Sept. 27 tweet, Ortiz Jones wrote that every day, she receives news of another Department of the Air Force teammate lost to COVID.

“We need to be mission ready—we need to be vaccinated,” she tweeted.

Three days earlier, Secretary Kendall tied vaccination to national security.

“The benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine are clear,” he wrote. “In order to effectively protect our nation and those we love, we must effectively protect ourselves from this disease.”

The benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine are clear. In order to effectively protect our nation and those we love, we must effectively protect ourselves from this disease. #OneTeamOneFight https://t.co/ke9vC6VNTL
— Office of the Secretary of the Air Force (@SecAFOfficial) September 24, 2021

With the Nov. 2 deadline looming, and the full Air Force Reserve and National Guard deadline a little over a month away on Dec. 2, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr. on Oct. 8 also tweeted the deadlines along with a message to the force: “Maintaining mission readiness begins with you.”

Refusing to vaccinate also has operational implications, Riley said, as some countries require vaccination to enter. The Air Force could not immediately confirm whether any Airmen have been unable to deploy to their assignments due to lack of a COVID vaccination.

“We’re not taking any action until we meet that deadline,” she said of those Airmen likely to miss it.

Riley said that until the deadline day, Airmen can request religious or medical exemptions. There is a 30-day processing time to review such requests.

Across the Air Force and Space Force, including the Reserve and Air National Guard components, the Department of the Air Force was 91 percent partially vaccinated Oct. 11 and 81.3 percent fully vaccinated. That rates higher than the Defense Department as a whole, which tracked at 80 percent partially vaccinated and 65 percent fully vaccinated, according to Kirby.

‘Flying Hospitals’ Treated Sick Afghans, Prompting New Capabilities

Oct. 12, 2021 | By Abraham Mahshie

Afghans fleeing the Taliban in August concealed medical conditions ranging from battlefield wounds to high-risk pregnancies out of fear that doing so might cause U.S. military members to bar them from escaping Kabul. In response, Air Mobility Command provided medics and nurses, turning transports into “flying hospitals” that delivered a baby and developed new means of care on the fly.

“A vast majority of individuals coming out of Afghanistan did not disclose their medical needs,” Brig. Gen. Norman S. West, command surgeon for Air Mobility Command, said in a sideline interview during AFA’s Air, Space & Cyber Conference in National Harbor, Md. AMC assigned 30 technicians and 30 nurses from nine medical groups to rescue efforts.

“We knew that by having medics on the aircraft, we could provide that medical care should they need it,” West said.

Passenger Medical Augmentation Teams, pairing a nurse and medical technician, accompanied each evacuation flight. They treated partial amputations, festering wounds, dehydration, heat-related injuries, and pregnant women with diabetes, malnutrition, and high blood pressure.

Of about 72,000 Afghans flown out of Afghanistan, roughly 9,000 of them were were pregnant, West said.

“We’re talking about individuals who are in their last trimester, who shouldn’t be flying,” West said. “But when your life depends on it, you do whatever you have to do.”

Soon, AMC also began to fly obstetrician-gynecologists on the evacuation flights. “What we don’t want to do is start moving our Afghan partners who have sacrificed everything for us, and have them give birth and not be able to do something about it,” West said.

When terrorists attacked a crowded airport gate, killing 13 U.S. service members and injuring 18 more, AMC was able to quickly evacuate the wounded, rerouting an aeromedical evacuation flight that was about to take off from Ramstein Air Base, Germany, from a another requirement and dispatching it to Kabul.

AMC spokesman Capt. Frederick M. Wallace said the jet was re-tasked on the runway. “This kind of flexibility is key to responding to dynamic situations around the globe,” he said. When troops are wounded and need a level of care unavailable where they are, AMC’s job is to “get there as quickly as possible.”

The Afghans were flown safely to onward locations in the Gulf region and European countries where enhanced medical attention was available on site. Once out of Afghanistan, many of the women remained at base housing for the remainder of their pregnancy.

One woman gave birth aboard a C-17 evacuation flight from Afghanistan.

“This is something we’ve never done before,” West said of the new and varied ways the medics were employed during the evacuation effort. “We’ve always had a binary solution: aeromedical evacuation or critical care air transportation, and there was never an in-between.”

AMC is now looking at how to provide specialty care on flights, including obstetrics, burn care, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or ECMO, heart-lung specialists.

“It literally is a flying ICU is what you have. It is one of the most impressive things you’ll see,” West said. “And we are the only nation that has this robust kind of system.”