Countries Take Small Steps Toward Limiting Lethal Autonomous Weapons

Countries Take Small Steps Toward Limiting Lethal Autonomous Weapons

Jan. 18, 2022 | By Amanda Miller

United Nations countries couldn’t agree on limiting lethal autonomous weapons, but those seeking a treaty may have made headway nonetheless.

The U.N.’s Conference on Certain Conventional Weapons concluded its Sixth Review Conference in December, a meeting held once every five years, without moving ahead on treaty negotiations.

But the fact “that the conversation is happening at all” may have amounted to progress, said Elisabeth Braw, senior fellow with the American Enterprise Institute and author of the policy paper, “Artificial Intelligence: The Risks Posed by the Current Lack of Standards,” in an interview to talk about the conference’s outcome.

UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres had said before the meeting that the conference “must swiftly advance its work on autonomous weapons that can choose targets and kill people without human interference.” But officials reportedly told Reuters after the meeting that India, Russia, and the U.S. were among the countries that, unsurprisingly, objected to the negotiations.

The Conference on Certain Conventional Weapons began addressing lethal autonomous weapons systems in 2013. An informal meeting of experts followed in 2014, then the creation of a group of governmental experts in 2016, and the adoption of 11 “guiding principles” relating to lethal autonomous weapons systems in 2019.

In addition to countries such as Austria, Belgium, Brazil, and New Zealand to name a few, nongovernmental organizations such as the International Committee for Robot Arms Control, the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, and the International Committee of the Red Cross have taken their arguments to the U.N. or stated positions on the issue.

NATO’s David van Weel articulated why countries such as the U.S. might broadly oppose limits on autonomous weapons, putting the issue in terms of a hypothetical attack by a swarm of drones. “How do we defend against them? Well, we can’t, frankly, because you need AI in that case in order to be able to counter AI,” he said.

Countries probably all realize rules are inevitable for restricting lethal autonomous weapons, said Braw, who hosted van Weel in the webinar. But the technology—the artificial intelligence enabling the autonomy—could be more difficult to regulate than, for example, nuclear weapons, which fewer countries could conceivably make.

Braw speculated that for a mishap to generate enough public pressure on U.S. politicians to get the government engaged in treaty negotiations, the cost might have to be as serious as “the loss of life on our own side.” She thought the European Union, even though it’s not a military alliance, might be a regulatory body other than the U.N. that could tackle the issue, possibly drafting a rudimentary agreement addressing only the “most egregious uses” of autonomous weapons as a start.

“It is so complicated—and at the same time as we should worry about huge dangers posed by AI, we should realize that it has many useful applications,” Braw said. “It’s a force for good as well.”

Joint Chiefs’ Milley and Berger Test Positive for COVID-19

Joint Chiefs’ Milley and Berger Test Positive for COVID-19

Jan. 17, 2022 | By Abraham Mahshie

Coronavirus struck senior Pentagon leaders over the Martin Luther King Jr. holiday weekend, with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Army Gen. Mark A. Milley and Marine Corps Commandant David H. Berger testing positive.

The other Joint Chiefs have all tested negative in recent days.

Joint Staff Spokesperson Col. Dave Butler informed members of the media that Milley tested positive Jan. 16 and was self-isolating. “He is experiencing very minor symptoms and can perform all of his duties from the remote location,” Butler said in a statement.

Milley is vaccinated and has had a booster shot, Butler said. Vaccinations have proven less effective at stopping the highly contagious omicron variant of COVID-19, but it’s not clear which variant Milley or Berger has. Vaccinations remain a requirement, and the military services have begun to discharge thousands of members who have declined the shots and failed to receive a medical or religious waiver. While official policy allows for religious waivers, so far just two have been approved.

Air Force Public Affairs chief Brig. Gen. Patrick S. Ryder told Air Force Magazine Jan. 17 that Chief of Space Operations Gen. John W. “Jay“ Raymond and Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr. had tested negative for coronavirus within the previous 24 hours.

Milley’s most recent contact with President Joe Biden was Wednesday, Jan. 12, at the funeral of former Army chief Gen. Raymond T. Odierno. 

Butler said Milley “tested negative several days prior to and every day following contact with the President until yesterday.”

Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III tested positive for coronavirus Jan. 1 and worked remotely with mild symptoms for nine days before testing negative and returning to the Pentagon on Jan. 10.

Austin joined Biden at a socially distanced Eisenhower Executive Office Building event Jan. 13 with FEMA Administrator Deanne Criswell to announce that 1,000 Active-duty military medical personnel would form six medical teams deploying to hospitals in six states to aid staff shortages due to the spike in omicron variant infections sweeping the nation.

Famed Tuskegee Airman Charles McGee Dies at 102

Famed Tuskegee Airman Charles McGee Dies at 102

Jan. 17, 2022 | By Amy Hudson

Retired Brig. Gen. Charles McGee, one of the last surviving Tuskegee Airmen and a veteran of 409 combat missions in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, died Jan. 16. He was 102.

The son of a preacher, McGee was born in Cleveland on Dec. 7, 1919. A lifelong leader, he distinguished himself as an Eagle Scout in his youth and remained an inspirational leader throughout his three-decade military career and beyond.

McGee enlisted in the Army on Oct. 26, 1942—one day after his wedding—and earned his pilot’s wings June 30, 1943. McGee flew his first combat mission on Valentine’s Day, 1944, with the 301st Fighter Squadron, 332nd Fighter Group, in Italy.

During World War II, McGee flew the Bell P-39Q Airacobra, Republic P-47D Thunderbolt, and North American P-51 Mustang fighters, escorting B-24 Liberator and B-17 Flying Fortress bombers over Germany, Austria, and the Balkans. He had already flown 137 combat missions by the time he was promoted to captain.

Just under a year after deploying to Italy, McGee returned to the United States in December 1944 to teach other aviators how to fly the North American B-25 Mitchell bomber at Tuskegee Army Air Field, Ala. He remained there until the base closed in 1946.

Transferring to Lockbourne Air Field in Columbus, Ohio, he was base operation and training officer before being reassigned to an air refueling unit.

McGee was promoted to major during the Korean War, flying 100 more combat missions during that time in P-51 Mustangs from the 67th Fighter Bomber Squadron. In Vietnam, as a lieutenant colonel, McGee flew another 172 combat missions in the McDonnell RF-4 reconnaissance aircraft. He retired Jan. 31, 1973, having achieved the rank of colonel and accumulated more than 6,300 flight hours.

He would ultimately be ceremonially promoted to brigadier general during a Feb. 4, 2020, Oval Office event and was later honored during then-President Donald Trump’s State of the Union Address.  

A spectrum of national leaders noted McGee’s passing, including Vice President Kamala Harris, Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III, Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr., and Chief Master Sgt. of the Air Force JoAnne S. Bass, all of whom posted remembrances on social media.

Brown said, “’A life well lived’ is an understatement as applied to Brig. Gen. Charles McGee. As a #TuskegeeAirman & combat aviator with 409 missions, his years in uniform were nothing shy of heroic, and his example of integrity, service & excellence endures.”

Retired Air Force Brig. Gen. Charles McGee, Tuskegee Airman, holds up a bottle of cola to honor the tradition of shooting down an enemy aircraft during his tour of the 99th Flying Training Squadron on Dec. 6, 2021, at Joint Base San Antonio-Randolph, Texas. In celebration of the Air Force’s 75th anniversary, McGee was treated to a heritage tour and took part in a training mission in a T-1A aircraft simulator. Air Force photo by Sean M. Worrell.

McGee stayed in contact with the Air Force throughout his life and continued to inspire Airmen long after he retired. He favored the motto, “Do while you can” and visited Joint Base San Antonio, Texas, on Dec. 6, 2021, one day before his 102nd birthday. There, he received a heritage tour of the 99th Flying Training Squadron and saw a T-1 Jayhawk with his name painted on the side sitting on the flight line.

Vice President Harris posted video of a conversation she had with McGee just before his 102nd birthday.

Among his military honors, McGee received the Legion of Merit with Oak Leaf Cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross with Two Clusters, and two Presidential Unit Citations, according to the National Aviation Hall of Fame.

After retiring from the military, he was vice president of a real estate holding company and manager of the Kansas City Downtown Airport. He also played a key role in the growth of the Tuskegee Airmen Association.

As a civilian, he was a recipient of the Air Force Association’s Lifetime Achievement Award, was inducted as a National Aeronautics Association Elder Statesman of Aviation, and received a Congressional Gold Medal.

AFA President Bruce “Orville” Wright said McGee epitomized what it means to be “an Airman for life.”

“Charles McGee’s remarkable progression through three wars, 409 combat missions, 6,300 flight hours, and 102 birthdays was marked by his steadfast dedication to duty and to the service of his country in the Air Force he loved,” said Wright, a retired Air Force lieutenant general. “We lost a great man this week. But we are all better for having had his inspiring example to live by.” 

Tuskegee Airmen retired Lt. Col. Walter McCreary, retired Col. Charles McGee, and retired Col. Elmer Jones are pictured Sept. 16, 2009, at the Air Force anniversary dinner held at the Gaylord National Hotel and Convention Center in National Harbor, Md. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Desiree N. Palacios.
USAF Looks to Small Businesses for Some F-22 Upgrades

USAF Looks to Small Businesses for Some F-22 Upgrades

Jan. 14, 2022 | By John A. Tirpak

The Air Force is looking for a host of F-22 Raptor upgrades and will seek small businesses to offer potential solutions, according to a draft “open topic” on the AFVentures Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) page. No timing was stated for the upgrades.

According to a recent but undated “Focus Topics” summary in the AFVentures system, which is run by the Air Force Research Laboratory, the Air Force is looking at 14 potential F-22 upgrades, including:

  • Integrating the Thales Scorpion helmet-mounted display/weapon cuing system
  • A long-range infrared search-and-track sensor
  • Manned-unmanned teaming
  • Pilot-assisted autonomy
  • A GPS-alternative navigation system
  • Simulation of “red air” threats
  • Algorithms for “optimized intercepts”
  • Combat identification of threats
  • Cyber intrusion detection and prevention
  • Predictive maintenance
  • Synthetic data generation
  • Sensor fusion
  • Improved sensing
  • Real-time debriefing

The Air Force has been evaluating the Scorpion helmet for at least seven years. The F-22 is the only frontline Air Force fighter not to have a helmet-mounted display and targeting system; the F-15 and F-16 both use the Joint Helmet-Mounted Cuing System (JHMCS), and the F-35 has its own unique helmet-mounted display system (HMDS).

For various reasons—mostly budgetary, but also due to the size of the helmet hampering pilot movements under the F-22 canopy—the helmet system has been consistently deleted from planned F-22 upgrades over the years.

The AFVentures announcement says the service is willing to entertain small business proposals to process aircraft data and provide an interface to the Scorpion helmet, not to provide the helmet itself. The “desired functionality” is to include “displays of threats, battlespace lines, aircraft state information, weapon information, and navigation information.” The overall goal is to improve battlespace situational awareness; “usability and processing intensity are considerations.”

Another longtime Air Force goal is to equip the F-22 with an infrared search and track system (IRST), but using one of those available for the F-15 and F-16 has been problematic because of the challenge of integrating them with the jet’s stealth profile. The F-35 uses a stealthy faceted aperture under its nose for various infrared sensing functions. The AFVentures draft didn’t give many specifics, saying only that it’s looking for “novel hardware and software solutions” that would work at long ranges.

An IRST is considered a key sensing capability now that adversary air forces are employing stealth aircraft that have greatly reduced radar cross sections. An IRST would have to be integrated with the F-22’s other sensors—mainly its active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar—to provide a holistic view of the battlespace. The AFVentures “improved sensing” subject area speaks to this, saying “methods of interest include machine learning for radar systems, cognitive radar algorithms, radar waveform modernization, sparse sensing, and more.”

In a 2017 interview with Air Force Magazine, Ken Merchant, who was at the time Lockheed Martin’s vice president for the F-22, and more recently headed F-35 sustainment and now has his own company, Life Cycle Solutions, said the F-22’s internal layout does not have the necessary “real estate” available to accommodate an F-35-style electro-optical system. However, he suggested that if the F-22’s early-generation flat panel displays—which are thick and heavy—were swapped out for the latest slim and light versions, then space in the cockpit area might be found for an IRST. At the time, Merchant said only that the Air Force was looking at “other options.”

The F-22 could not use the Lockheed Martin “Legion Pod,” which flies with the F-15 and has been fitted to the F-16 and various drones, because it would require external carriage and defeat the F-22’s low observable features. If the F-22 carried an IRST in its “cheek” internal weapon station, where short-range AIM-9X missiles are carried, it would still require the station doors to open, also negating the jet’s stealth profile and creating asymmetric drag for extended use.

For manned-unmanned teaming, AFVentures is looking for a system to help the F-22 pilot with “monitoring and control” of an unmanned escort aircraft. The application is to take in all available information and provide the pilot with a “god’s eye view of the battlespace;” package and send commands over certain data links; and employ a touchscreen tablet as the user interface.

Likewise, the “pilot assisted autonomy” system would help the pilot by “suggestion actions” based on inputs from sensors, identify immediate risks, “reason about intentions,” and alert the pilot to hazardous situations.

For the GPS alternative, AFVentures said only that it wants “a more layered approach” to navigation and position that can provide “accurate and real-time” position without using GPS. Recent Air Force technology discussions have speculated about using extremely sensitive, nano-scale inertial measurement systems for this purpose.  

The “predictive maintenance” system sounds like the F-35’s Autonomic Logistics Information System/Operational Data Integration Network (ALIS/ODIN), and would automatically monitor all the maintenance calls and aircraft condition reports on the F-22 fleet while providing predictive maintenance recommendations. The product will be evaluated on “accuracy, usability, and effectiveness in improving F-22 maintenance.”

For “synthetic data generation,” the Air Force wants the F-22’s large volume of classified data to be simulated so contractors can develop software for it without accessing secret data. The F-22 system program office wants “a synthetic data generation platform that can generate unclassified data with the same statistical significance as the original classified data for purposes of rapid testing and development;” presumably, of software and hardware being added through open mission systems.

For “optimized intercept,” the Air Force wants a system that will take in all the data available to the F-22 pilot and plot “an optimized pathway to intercept adversary aircraft,” presumably avoiding ground- and air-based radars and threats. The AFRL wants a system that could be flown “by a single Blue fighter against many Red fighters,” with the ability to expand to a four-ship of Blue aircraft. The pilots would need to see a display with a three-dimensional route, which is constantly updated based on sensor inputs.  

“Real Time Debriefing” is described as being able to give the pilot immediate feedback on performance during Basic Fighter Maneuver training, rather than having to land and debrief. The envisaged system would compare the pilot’s actions against what the computer calculates as the best tactics to employ.

The Air Force has said it does not plan to retain the F-22 beyond around 2030, due to the advance of counter-stealth systems and the F-22’s small fleet size, but it will continue to upgrade the aircraft to keep it relevant against the toughest threats until the Next Generation Air Dominance system is fielded.

Air Force Needs Data to Address German Tax Issue, Bass Says

Air Force Needs Data to Address German Tax Issue, Bass Says

Jan. 14, 2022 | By Greg Hadley

Airmen, joint service members, and civilians stationed in Germany have complained for months that local officials have sought to tax their pay or collect penalties, sometimes for amounts in the tens of thousands of dollars.

Now, in order to effectively advocate, the Air Force needs more data and more stories of families being affected, Chief Master Sgt. of the Air Force JoAnne S. Bass said.

Bass, speaking during a recent virtual Coffee Talk with Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr., pledged to keep working on the issue. At the same time, though, the problem is one that goes “way beyond the service,” she said. 

Differing Interpretations

The issue in Germany effectively results in troops having their pay taxed twice—once by the U.S. and once by the host nation. In certain cases, German tax officials have reportedly gone to aggressive lengths to build cases against service members and seek penalties, which many service members have resisted paying.

At the heart of these disputes are differing interpretations of Article X of NATO’s Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). Under SOFA, service members and civilians stationed in foreign nations don’t have to pay income taxes to the host nation—such agreements are crucial for allowing U.S. troops to be stationed in locations such as the United Kingdom, Italy, and Germany, among others.

SOFA, however, includes a clause saying service members and civilians are exempt only if their reason for being in the host country is “solely” due to being part of the military or a civilian component.

That clause has been cited by German officials as justification for seeking taxes from some service members.

“A marriage between a member of the U.S. forces and a citizen of Germany or a German taxable in Germany is considered an indication that a designated tax office may become active,” German law firm BlumLang Rechtsanwälte’s website states. “And children resulting from such a marriage also play a role in the examination of the tax liability—just as a common residential property.”

Across social media and in media reports are accounts of U.S. service members marrying German citizens, buying German cars or houses, or other actions, only to then face taxes or penalties from the local government. BlumLang Rechtsanwälte states that some cases have been over as much as 300,000 Euros, or more than $340,000.

Diplomatic Problem

When Bass visited Ramstein Air Base, Germany, in early December, she “heard loud and clear that we do have service members and some of our civilians that are over in Germany that are being taxed,” she said during the Coffee Talk.

A quick scroll through Bass’ Facebook posts from the trip confirm that, with more than a dozen people commenting about their frustrations with the taxation issue. 

The issue has reached the highest levels of the Pentagon, with Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III reportedly raising the topic with his German counterpart in a June 2021 meeting.

Ultimately, though, the problem is a diplomatic one. 

“The Department of State and U.S. Embassy Berlin are actively engaged with the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs in finding a solution,” a spokesperson for U.S. Air Forces in Europe-Air Forces Africa said in a statement. “Department of Defense efforts are nested within those of the Department of State as the lead federal department for foreign affairs, and the matter has been and will continue to be addressed in high-level engagements with our German allies.”

A spokesperson for the Department of State said “we cannot get into specific discussions” on any sort of progress.

“However, we can assure you that the U.S. government has expressed at very high levels our eagerness to see the long-standing issue resolved,” the spokesperson said. “We will continue to engage with our German partners on this matter.”

Questions of Scale

While Bass and others say they’ve heard from plenty of Airmen about this issue, exactly how many families, Air Force or otherwise, have been affected remains unclear.

“German tax offices have told us they do not track cases by nationality, making it difficult for them to answer repeated efforts to know how many service members and civilians, covered under the NATO SOFA, have been affected,” the USAFE spokesperson said. 

To that end, Bass asked Airmen to report their issues to commanders so the service can more accurately track the numbers and present them to German authorities.

“What I would ask you to do is our USAFE team and EUCOM [U.S. European Command] teams are out there trying to get an accurate number of, what is the problem? And how big is it? And how many of our uniform wearers, as well as our civilians that we have sent over there, what is the impact?” Bass said. “And so I’m told that there are some groups out there that are already compiling the data. We need to have that data, and we need to have some vignettes of what the challenge really is.”

Meanwhile, USAFE is taking steps to inform and educate service members about the SOFA before they deploy overseas, the spokesperson said.

Air Force Launching New App for Enlisted, Officer Evaluation Systems

Air Force Launching New App for Enlisted, Officer Evaluation Systems

Jan. 14, 2022 | By Greg Hadley

Airmen and Guardians will get to familiarize themselves with the Department of the Air Force’s new enlisted and officer evaluation system application starting Jan. 18, as the department continues its overhaul of talent management.

myEvaluation, or myEval, was first made available to human resource professionals starting Jan. 4. After a two-week familiarization period for Airmen and Guardians, it will be opened for full use and functionality starting Feb. 4. It will be accessible through the myFSS platform landing page.

The new application succeeds the Virtual Personnel Center platform, but vPC won’t be going away immediately—officer and enlisted evaluations with a close-out date of May 30 or earlier will continue to be processed in vPC, while everything after will be in myEval.

“Shifting to a 21st century IT application, like myEval, enables the department to greatly improve our performance feedback and evaluation systems, synchronizing and complementing the many updates we’ve made to our talent management systems over the past couple of years,” Lt. Gen. Brian T. Kelly, deputy chief of staff for manpower, personnel, and services, said in a statement. “The myEval application reduces administrative burdens, enhances the user experience, and provides leaders with performance data to assist in making informed talent management decisions.”

myEval is just the latest change to how the Air Force is approaching talent management. Early in 2021, the service unveiled its Airman Leadership Qualities—10 categories ranging from “emotional intelligence” to “adaptability” to “innovation”—as an optional companion to the Airman Comprehensive Assessment for senior noncommissioned officers and officers.

In December, the service announced that the ALQs would be integrated into feedback for all Airmen across ranks starting March 31, 2022. The Air Force also said the ALQs would form the basis of new officer and enlisted evaluation systems to be released later in 2022.

The transition to myEval, Kelly said in a statement, will begin “the evolution” to those new evaluation systems based on the ALQs. The Air Force’s release states that ALQ-based evaluations will start in the fall of 2022.

The Space Force, meanwhile, will transition to myEval but will continue to use Airman Comprehensive Assessment feedback forms and current officer and enlisted performance reports until the new service announces a transition decision. The Space Force released its first human capital plan, “The Guardian Ideal,” in September 2021.

While myEval is set to launch in the coming days, enhancements will be rolled out over time, the Air Force promised, including the auto-population of information directly from the Military Personnel Data System and “integration with other myFSS applications, such as myFitness, to auto-populate performance-related data.”

These moves coincide with other changes to Air Force personnel management, such as the introduction of the new-look fitness test with alternate exercises and changes to how Enlisted Performance Reports are scored in the Enlisted Evaluation System. Most recently, the service unveiled its new Enlisted Force Development Action Plan on Jan. 12, outlining 28 force development objectives to be completed over the next two years.

There have also been changes to the platforms used for talent management—myFitness was launched in June 2021 to centralize PT assessments and schedule PT tests, and for paperwork.

“The journey of improving our evaluation system for both the enlisted and officer corps is in full swing,” Col. Laura King, the Air Force Talent Management Innovation Cell director, said in a release. “There are several milestones along this journey to a competency-based evaluation system that enables increased transparency and more direct feedback between Airmen and their supervisors. The launch of myEval is a big step towards reaching our end goals.”

AI, Networks, Hypersonics Are the Pentagon’s Top Research Priorities

AI, Networks, Hypersonics Are the Pentagon’s Top Research Priorities

Jan. 14, 2022 | By John A. Tirpak

Artificial Intelligence, integrated networks, hypersonics, and microelectronics are among the top priorities for Heidi Shyu, undersecretary of defense for research and engineering. In a wide-ranging discussion with reporters Jan. 13, Shyu also said hypersonics test capacity will see a big boost in the fiscal 2023 program objective memoranda and that a major experiment in joint all-domain command and control will take place in February, connecting platforms from all the services.

Shyu said she had planned to reduce the 11 top priorities created by the previous administration.

“I thought I could neck it down quite a bit, but I sort of failed, and I think I’ve ballooned it instead,” she said. The new list should be published soon. Shyu didn’t want to get ahead of the announcement but mentioned “trusted AI” and integrated networks as high on the list. The latter is necessary “to use autonomy on an unmanned system,” she said. She also mentioned hypersonics and microelectronics, which were the top two under the previous administration. Microlelectronics displaced hypersonics as the top priority on the previous list in 2020.

Microelectronics is “a critical piece that’s in everything,” Shyu said, adding that she is working with the Department of Commerce on the area and that Congress “is interested in giving us additional funding” for the work.

‘Pushing’ Hypersonics

Shyu said the Air Force’s AGM-183 Air-launched Rapid Response (ARRW) boost-glide hypersonic missile has suffered from both supply chain disruptions and the COVID pandemic, and this has contributed to setbacks in the program.

All the services are “pushing” hypersonics contractors “on an accelerated, … very aggressive schedule,” she said, and problems are to be expected. She said the Army’s hypersonic missile will likely become operational in 2023, and the Navy’s should be operational in 2025, because “it’s the same” platform, just sea-launched. She did not comment on the timing of the ARRW.

Without specifying any one program, Shyu likened the hypersonics enterprise to SpaceX: “Have they had failures? Yes. Are they considered successful? Yes. They’re considered a very successful company, but they’ve had quite a number of blow-ups.”

She said she will continue to push the hypersonics contractors “hard.”

“I have to give the Army and Navy a lot of credit for not just working collaboratively together … but working very closely with industry and [the] laboratories,” she said.

While the Air Force’s air-breathing hypersonic missile programs will likely be “cheaper” than all the services’ boost-glide systems, they won’t have “quite the same range as ship-launch and Army [ground] launch. So you really need all of the above … You need diversity.”

She acknowledged that the Pentagon’s hypersonic test ranges and wind tunnels are operating at full capacity, which has slowed some of the test effort, and said “a significant increase in our test infrastructure” is “embedded” in the fiscal 2023 program objective memoranda.

Shyu said her office is working closely with contractors to develop the hypersonics “ecosystem” that will create the industrial capacity to make hypersonic systems at scale. The initial examples of all hypersonic missiles will be high, she said, but she is working to “drive the cost down” with an effort to “productize” the systems and build them in quantity, which should reduce unit cost, she said. Shyu also is working to “automate” hypersonics construction processes “rather than hand-build them.”

“If we automate some things, the cost will definitely come down. And if you buy materials … in bulk, it’s cheaper than buying onesies and twosies,” she said, comparing it to the bulk food store Costco. But “we’re looking at different technologies, … different materials, … that can help drive cost down as well.”

Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III and Congress are highly supportive of hypersonics efforts and Congress is going to “give me the money, so I’m going to be sprinting” to operationalize the technology.

She declined to offer analysis of Chinese, Russian, or North Korean hypersonics capabilities because of classification. But Shyu said she is “not interested [in being] in a horse race with China or Russia” in hypersonics. “’You have 1,000 rockets, therefore I need to be having 1,000 rockets.’ That a losing proposition.”

Demonstrating JADC2

A major exercise is coming next month that will demonstrate major advances in JADC2, Shyu said.

“In February, there’s going to be a demonstration in which we literally stitch together Army, Navy, and Air Forces,” she said. “So I’m pretty thrilled. And I’m going to fly out and observe the system, … the demo, myself.” She declined to elaborate, except to say that “we will be able to demonstrate that platforms, across services, can literally talk to each other.”

Shyu’s billet now has a seat on the Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC), made up of the service vice chiefs, who deliberate about the department’s highest operational needs. Shyu said she’s had the opportunity to voice her technical concerns and that they have been listened to.

At the last such meeting, Shyu reported, she “poked at … billions” being spent to fill a “capability gap” in a space system.

“To close a capability gap on an old system made no sense to me,” she said. “That chunk of money is much better spent on developing a brand new system.” The then-chairman of the JROC, USAF Gen. John E. Hyten, gave the services direction to “come back with a revised plan” as a result, she said. She said having her position on the JROC is “working fantastic.”

She also said the Pentagon is “absolutely headed” toward a “resilient space architecture.” It’s also looking at “how to leverage a lot more of the commercial satellite capability, the commercial launches, just to drive the cost down.”

Shyu expects the fiscal 2023 research budget to be the largest ever for the Pentagon. She hosted members of Congress for a mid-December meeting “and they were thrilled. Halfway into my briefing,” they asked her, “’How much do you need?’” So “there’s a lot of enthusiasm for stuff I’m doing … I’m very happy” with the numbers, she said.

Broadly, Shyu said she is stepping up her engagement with industry, having monthly meetings with top prime CEOs and chief technology officers, as well as groups of small businesses.

Biden Turns to Military to Fill COVID-19 Medical Gap

Biden Turns to Military to Fill COVID-19 Medical Gap

Jan. 13, 2022 | By Abraham Mahshie

Present Joe Biden has again turned to the military to fill staffing shortages and to help hospitals surge medical staffs as the omicron variant of COVID-19 continues to strain hospitals nationwide.

Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III and FEMA Administrator Deanne Criswell joined Biden on Jan. 13 to announce that 1,000 Active-duty military medical personnel would form six medical teams to deploy to hospitals in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Rhode Island, Michigan, and New Mexico. DOD will source personnel from across the services in coming weeks to join 400 military medical personnel already assisting health-care providers and overwhelmed emergency staffs.

“When you need something done, call on the military,” Biden joked before beginning his address from the Eisenhower Executive Office Building.

“This is a pandemic of the unvaccinated,” Biden said. “As long as we have tens of millions of people who will not get vaccinated, we’re going to have full hospitals and needless deaths.”

The President, Austin, and Criswell were then briefed by military and medical teams already on the ground in Arizona, Michigan, and New York.

In summarizing his administration’s plan to confront the omicron surge, Biden emphasized the importance of vaccination, now required in the military. Air Force personnel were required to vaccinate by Nov. 2, 2021, with the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve deadline Dec. 2, 2021. The latest deadline has been set for the Army National Guard on June 30, 2022.

Across the military, 1.6 million service members were fully vaccinated as of Jan. 12, and 340,000 were partially vaccinated. In the Air Force, 446,000 were fully vaccinated and 53,000 partially vaccinated.

Biden said nearly 210 million Americans have been vaccinated for COVID-19 and that 80 million Americans have received booster shots. The military does not yet keep records of booster shots received, and a booster requirement is still under discussion, Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby said June 13.

Biden said he would also use military tools to boost testing capacity.

In January 2021, America was conducting 2 million tests per day and now is conducting 15 million tests per day, the President said. By the end of January, the U.S. will have 375 million at-home rapid tests, but that still falls behind demand.

Biden said he would use the Defense Production Act to acquire 500 million at-home rapid tests and use the tool to ramp up production of an additional 500 million to distribute to Americans for free. Insurance providers will be required to reimburse Americans for eight tests per month.

In addition to the Active-duty personnel deployed and preparing to deploy, 14,000 National Guard members have been activated in 49 states to help governors combat COVID-19.

Kirby said the new military medical personnel who will deploy soon will act as a “relief valve” for health-care workers.

“They’ll be providing relief, triaging patients, helping to decompress overwhelmed emergency departments, and freeing up health-care providers to continue other life-saving care,” he said. “They’ll be working alongside health-care workers on the front lines to give them the support they need.”

Kirby said the 1,000 are just the “first wave” of deployments.

“Teams will continue to be mobilized and deployed where they are needed over the coming weeks to confront the omicron variant,” Kirby told defense journalists before conducting a series of live TV interviews to promote the President’s initiative and DOD role.

Pentagon Nominee Says US Should Be Faster to Aid Ukraine Than It Was in 2014

Pentagon Nominee Says US Should Be Faster to Aid Ukraine Than It Was in 2014

Jan. 13, 2022 | By Greg Hadley

In 2014, Celeste Wallander was the senior director for Russia and Central Asia at the National Security Council, under President Barack Obama, when Russia launched its invasion of the Crimean Peninsula, seizing the territory from Ukraine.

Now, nearly eight years later, Wallander is President Joe Biden’s nominee to be assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs, and Russia is once again threatening to invade Ukraine, massing troops along the border and thus far resisting calls from NATO members to de-escalate the situation.

Looking back at what happened in 2014, the U.S. needs to be faster and more forceful in response to any Russian aggression, Wallander told members of the Senate Armed Services Committee at her confirmation hearing Jan. 13.

“I believe that the lessons of 2014 were that the United States needs to be, first and foremost, unified with our allies and partners, not only in Europe, but globally, in order to promote a unified front to the Kremlin and make them understand that they cannot divide us,” Wallander said. “And the second lesson would be to rapidly develop ways to impose costs on the Russian leadership and to support Ukraine in defense of its territorial integrity and sovereignty.”

Pressed by Sens. Roger Wicker (R-Miss.) and Tom Cotton (R-Ark.), Wallander added that the 2014 response was “too slow and too incremental” and that to provide aid to Ukraine—weapons such as the FGM-148 Javelin, an anti-tank missile—would have been “appropriate and necessary.”

In 2022, the situation has not yet devolved to the point of open conflict. But there are plenty of fears that it will. On Jan. 13, Polish Foreign Minister Zbigniew Rau, the chairman-in-office of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, warned that the risk of war in Europe “is now greater than ever before in the last 30 years,” according to media reports.

Driving much of those fears is the seeming lack of progress in diplomatic discussions. Russia has demanded that Ukraine be barred from ever joining NATO and that the alliance withdraw all troops and weapons from any countries that joined NATO after 1997. The U.S. has rejected those ideas as “non-starters.”

Some analysts have suggested that Russian President Vladimir Putin’s demands were never intended to be part of a negotiation and instead might even be a pretext for invading Ukraine.

Sen. Angus King (I-Maine) seemed to voice that very concern in questioning Wallander, saying Putin is “setting up these negotiations to fail, and leaving himself very little option other than either a humiliating retreat or invasion.”

“What do you make of this unusual negotiating strategy where you make demands that you know aren’t going to be met?” King then asked Wallander. “And is this just a pretext for an invasion?”

Wallender seemed to agree.

“Senator, I share your analytical assessment of the possible courses of action and the reasons for the demands that Russia has made publicly,” Wallander said. “And it concerns me greatly for Ukraine’s security and, indeed, for European and Euro-Atlantic security.”

At least for the moment, though, the Pentagon is still publicly holding out hope for avoiding any conflict.

“We have no indication that President Putin has made a decision to launch another incursion into Ukraine,” DOD Press Secretary John F. Kirby said in a press gaggle Jan. 13. “He clearly continues to have a military capability that would allow him to move on Ukraine. And we’ve seen no indication … that he has decreased that capability in any way. But we still don’t believe that a final decision by Mr. Putin has been made. And that’s why we continue to believe that there’s still space for diplomacy and hopefully time for diplomacy, and we support that effort.”

Pentagon Editor Abraham Mahshie contributed to this report.