Spangdahlem Spins Up to Counter Russian Threat

April 20, 2022 | By Abraham Mahshie

SPANGDAHLEM AIR BASE, Germany—Not long ago, Spangdahlem Air Base in western Germany felt like a quiet retreat, surrounded by verdant hilltops with tiny church steeples in the distance. That all changed when Russia attacked Ukraine and threatened the NATO alliance.

Nearby Ramstein Air Base could not keep up worldwide transit operations and deliver air power to the eastern flank of the alliance. Spangdahlem could.

“Spangdahlem definitely has the perception of being a little Sleepy Hollow out here,” said 52nd Mission Support Group commander Col. Betsy Ross. “Which is great, because it’s a good cover for all the great operations that we do.”

In a matter weeks beginning in December 2021, Spangdahlem absorbed three squadrons to help conduct air policing on NATO’s eastern flank, and it forward deployed assets to allied nations closest to the threat.

Practiced in the quick preparation for large numbers of personnel and equipment after the Afghanistan refuge and welcome operations, old barracks were outfitted with hundreds of new beds; cots were set up in schoolhouses; and hot meals and showers were assured for hundreds of arriving service members.

Spangdahlem received F-35s from the 34th Fighter Squadron at Hill Air Force Base, Utah; KC-135s from the 92nd Air Refueling Squadron at Fairchild Air Force Base, Wash.; and six EA-18 Growlers from the Navy’s Electronic Attack Squadron 134 (VAQ-134) at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, Wash.

The air base also facilitated the movement of people and equipment to the eastern flank for forward deployments at air bases in Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania.

In one two-week period, the 2,200-strong Installation Deployment Readiness Cell saw a 600 percent increase in its operations with no additional manpower, receiving cargo packs and aircraft and conducting refueling.

Ross said Spangdahlem’s history of innovative thinking and the importance of the moment got the job done.

“We are making history right now,” Ross said. “To actually put into action what we’ve trained and talked about for so long, to put it into action, and to be able to execute those missions is super exciting. And to me, that is the biggest morale boost.”

In making the decisions necessary to meet the need, she reflected on lessons learned from Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, spoken at the 2018 Air & Space Forces Association’s Air, Space & Cyber Conference.

“There are two types of doors. One you can go through, and if it doesn’t work out, you can come back and start over. And the other door, when you go through, there’s no turning back. So, you’ve got to be right,” she recalled.

“When we look at innovation, it was like, where can we go in and out and make adjustments?” she said. “And, where do we have to get it right from the start, so that we don’t impact mission capability?”

Democracy in Danger in Eastern Europe

While Spangdahlem was spinning up air power projection to the NATO eastern flank allies, the NATO countries of Eastern Europe were seriously concerned about their own territorial integrity and the threat to their young democracies, within Moscow’s sphere of influence not four decades ago.

“The war is not about only Ukraine. It’s about Europe. It’s about Euro-Atlantic security. It’s about securing our future,” Romanian Deputy Defense Minister Simona Cojocaru told Air Force Magazine during an interview at the Romanian Ministry of Defense in Bucharest.

“It is clear that we share the U.S. view regarding the need to defeat Putin’s Russia,” Cojocaru said, emphasizing the Russian threat to the Black Sea NATO countries. “There are no signs that Moscow will change its strategy to expand its influence in the near abroad and beyond.”

In Poland, which has experienced centuries of Russian aggression and occupation, historical lessons have led to bold decisions in national defense.

“There is a very sober awareness that our reaction must be very decisive here,” Polish Chief of the Air Force Directorate Brig. Gen. Ireneusz Nowak told Air Force Magazine in a secure video interview conducted at the Powidz Air Base in central Poland.

“Hopefully, with the support from NATO and from the free world, Ukraine is going to win, or Ukraine is going to at least sustain this invasion and hold that invasion far away from the NATO border,” he said.

A Lithuanian defense official who spoke to Air Force Magazine by telephone echoed the sentiment from the perspective of the Baltic states. The heavily militarized Russian exclave of Kaliningrad sits on the Baltic Sea between Poland and Lithuania.

“This is also a vulnerable area and sort of easy hanging fruit from the military perspective,” the official said. “This air policing mission is important in order to switch to the air defense mode, in case it’s needed.”

Changing Missions at the Speed of Need

Squadrons that deployed to Spangdahlem were shifted from other missions, or planned training and exercises, to meet the need in Eastern Europe. That meant positioning tons of support equipment, with C-17s and C-5s flowing into the small air base’s single 10,000-foot runway and 10 parking spots.

“We’ve been really busy,” said Maj. Angele Montfort, director of operations at the 726th Air Mobility Squadron.

“March is when we had to support the KC-135s as well as the F-35s, the F-16 mass movement to Poland, and then we had a short-notice POTUS support mission,” she said, referring to support equipment tied to President Joe Biden’s visit to Poland.

Meanwhile, Spangdahlem is still supporting missions in the U.S. Central Command and U.S. Africa Command areas of operation.

The 92nd Air Refueling Wing had been preparing for a six-month deployment to Turkey when its assignment changed and members quickly switched gears to support the NATO eastern flank mission.

“This is different in a lot of ways,” said Capt. Hunter Warrick, the KC-135 aircraft commander responsible for the first NATO air policing refueling mission that flew out of Spangdahlem.

“We’re basically figuring this out as a squadron as we go,” he said, describing quick integration with maintenance, force support, security forces, intelligence, and other units on base to write a “new script.”

“Literally, the first day we got back, we were talking for hours on, ‘Hey, here’s how the next guy is going out, and here’s what they need to expect,’ and kind of building this package,” said Warrick.

2nd Lt. Hannah Bergman, an intelligence officer, said the crew reached out to half a dozen organizations across the base to prepare for the first mission, noting that the team sent out the first lines three days after arriving.

“We’re pretty much setting up shop from nothing, like no products built for intelligence to support them, and nothing that we’ve been used to doing,” she said. “So, it took a lot of different support assets from the base to actually help us set up and prepare.”

The KC-135s are now refueling air policing missions in the skies over Poland.

“For the conflict going on, a lot of what we’re worried about is just making sure that we contain that conflict,” Bergman explained.

“We don’t want this to impact our NATO allies, especially on the eastern flank,” she said. “The whole reason we’re here is for deterrence and defense of NATO right now.”

Ross said the Spangdahlem mission is historic in that its successful execution is a strong sign of U.S. reassurance to NATO allies in the face of unpredictable Russian aggression.

“This is a turning point in our world dynamics, and things will never be the same as they were,” she said. “To be part of that, and to make sure that we are contributing to protecting our NATO alliance and protecting democracies around the world,” is something everyone takes pride in.

Biden Administration Says U.S. Won’t Test Certain Anti-Satellite Weapons

April 19, 2022 | By Amanda Miller

The Biden administration says it’s ruled out conducting one type of anti-satellite weapon test.

While on a visit to her home state April 18, Vice President Kamala Harris gave a speech at Vandenberg Space Force Base, Calif., formalizing the administration’s prior admonishments of an ASAT test by Russia in 2021.

Harris committed the the U.S. will not “conduct destructive, direct-ascent, anti-satellite missile testing.”

She said the decision was one step toward “writing new rules of the road to ensure all space activities are conducted in a responsible, peaceful, and sustainable manner.”

Harris cited not only Russia’s recent test, but also its conduct in Ukraine. Russia launched a missile from the ground to hit a derelict Soviet satellite in November 2021, creating a field of more than 1,500 pieces of debris big enough for the Space Force to track. China, similarly, performed a direct-ascent ASAT test in 2007.

Harris linked rules and norms in war—and the “brutality” of the Russian military’s acts in Ukraine—to rules and norms the administration wants to foster in space.

“Rules and norms provide us all with a sense of order and stability,” Harris said. “As we have seen in Ukraine, Russia has completely violated the set of international rules and norms established after World Ward II, which provided unprecedented peace and security in Europe.”

Having chaired one meeting of the National Space Council, Harris said she made rules and norms “a point of emphasis.”

“A piece of debris the size of a basketball, which travels at thousands of miles per hour, would destroy a satellite,” Harris said. “Even a piece of debris as small as a grain of sand could cause serious damage.”

Her speech did not rule out other types of potentially destructive ASAT tests, such as co-orbital ASATs in which satellites are basically sent to collide with other satellites, nor weapons such as lasers, or cyber hacks from the ground, that could theoretically disable a satellite, essentially turning it into one big piece of debris.

The U.S. isn’t alone in seeking a new set of norms. Established in December, a United Nations open-ended working group on reducing space threats through norms, rules, and principles of responsible behaviors first met in February for an organizational session and plans to hold its first meeting in May.

Six Months Late to a Deal, F-35 Lot 15-17 Contract Negotiations Drag On

April 19, 2022 | By John A. Tirpak

A contract for F-35 Lots 15-17—in negotiation for more than a year, and six months past its expected conclusion—continues to elude Lockheed Martin and the F-35 Joint Program Office, due to disagreement over the costs of the pandemic and inflation, Lockheed leaders said April 19. Despite the U.S. military services asking for fewer F-35s in the fiscal 2023 budget request, Lockheed thinks it can maintain its target of delivering 156 of the jets per year with foreign orders.

“Our teams are diligently working with their [JPO] counterparts to achieve closure on his critical milestone,” Lockheed CEO James D. Taiclet said in a quarterly earnings call with reporters.

“Both parties are striving to finish negotiations in the near term. So we remain confident in our four year projections,” he said, but “there could be a timing impact” due to “financial constraints.”

Lockheed Chief Financial Officer Jay Malave said it might cost “$500 million plus” to keep the line moving without a contract in the second quarter.

“If it further extends, obviously, that will go up,” he said. Pressed for details, Malave said, “We probably have to revisit later in the quarter to see how things are progressing, and I think we can update accordingly then.” He said the company is “encouraged that we can be able to close this in a relatively short period of time.” The amount he quoted, “we would recover in the balance of the year, assuming a successful negotiation.”

Asked to explain the long delays in the contract negotiations, Taiclet said it was due to “significant changes in the underlying cost factors of bidding for the next three lots … So, yes, we’ve been going at this for a number of quarters, but that’s because the cost baseline has been moving during that time and we both have to agree on where we think it’s going to end up.”

Those factors include “COVID impacts” and “inflation, which is even a more recent phenomenon,” he said. Lockheed has to get feedback from all aspects of its supply chain, “to see what those impacts are going to be.” The government then has to verify that those estimates are legitimate, and while that’s happening, inflation rates move again, Taiclet added.

“So, this has been longer than normal because the underlying ground has been shifting on [the] most important assumptions that go into the negotiations.”

He said Lockheed’s negotiating strategy hasn’t changed, and that is to do so “on the basis of actual costs information and data that provides our shareholders a fair margin … as well as a government-attractive contract.”

He added, “We need to coalesce on a cost base.”

The F-35 JPO did not offer a comment by press time.

Lt. Gen. Eric T. Fick, F-35 Program Executive Officer, acknowledged at a March defense conference that no deal was yet in sight, after he predicted a handshake agreement as early as last October.

Both Lockheed’s Gregory M. Ulmer, executive vice president for aeronautics, and Fick have said that the unit price of the F-35, which fell below $80 million each in the last contract, will go up in Lot 15-17 due to inflation, more sophisticated equipment, and a smaller overall buy, but they have not said how many aircraft are under negotiation.

“There’s also … some lower quantities that were initially projected for that lot,” Taiclet said. “We’re working with the U.S. government and also the international partners to see if there’s ways to bolster that number. But right now, what we’re working with is a lower number in negotiation.”

Lockheed set a goal of 156 F-35s a year and Taiclet said that goal can still be reached, given that Germany has opted to buy 35 F-35s, and Canada is moving toward a purchase of 88 aircraft. Other countries are also showing interest, he said.

“We’re pretty confident in that 156 per year plan that we had laid out,” Malave said, based on “the international customers” Taiclet mentioned, which “provide … a little flexibility to really shore up that production schedule.”

That, and 19 additional aircraft that showed up in the Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy unfunded priority lists make Lockheed “very comfortable in our ability to maintain” 156 a year, Malave said.

Taiclet said Russia’ invasion of Ukraine clearly sets the stage for higher defense spending, but it’s too soon to estimate by how much. He said the new emphasis on high-level deterrence is consonant with Lockheed’s product line, so the company is likely to do well, in the coming years. He also said it’s clear the current Administration is disinclined to look favorably on mergers and acquisitions, so Lockheed will be spending most of its free cash on stock buybacks.

The Federal Trade Commission sued to block Lockheed’s acquisition of Aerojet Rocketdyne in February, and Lockheed elected to drop the merger.

Taiclet said Lockheed expects continued growth and noted a $4 billion classified program contract in the first quarter, saying that the secret project is “one of the pillars of growth” in the company.

As Drones Grow More Sophisticated, Export Rules Still Stuck in 1980s, Experts Say

April 19, 2022 | By Greg Hadley

As the Air Force moves forward with plans to use unmanned aircraft systems in new and increasingly powerful ways, the U.S. is still stuck in terms of how much it can share those capabilities with allies and partners—creating a dangerous vacuum that China has moved to fill, analysts say.

For years, the U.S. has followed a non-binding, voluntary, informal agreement to limit the proliferation of missiles and missile technology—the Missile Technology Control Regime formed in 1987 defines unmanned systems as nuclear missiles.

As a result, proposed foreign military sales of drones have frequently been shut down by the State Department. This approach, however, is becoming increasingly untenable as more nations and non-state actors field drones and the systems become more integral to the U.S.’s own planned future force, argued AFA’s Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies Senior Fellow Heather Penney in a virtual press conference and presentation debuting her new policy paper, “Building Alliances and Competing with China: The Imperative for UAV Export Reforms.”

The Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies rolls out its newest policy paper: Building Alliances and Competing with China: The Imperative for UAV Export Reforms by Heather Penney, Senior Resident Fellow (top left), The Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies. Paul Scharre (top right), Vice President and Director of Studies, Center for a New American Security and Mitchell Institute dead retired Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (bottom) join the discussion.

It’s an issue Penney has raised before, pointing out that because of the U.S.’s continued deference to the MTCR, China has stepped up to become the provider of drone technology for many countries. As a result, the MTCR’s goal of preventing the proliferation of such technology has failed—at least 95 militaries have an active UAS inventory, Penney noted, with at least 32 importing Chinese drones.

This has follow-on effects: less money for the defense industrial base, less influence on how other countries are trained and use their drones, and decreased interoperability. Retired Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula, dean of the Mitchell Institute, noted that in the fight against ISIS, the U.S. refused to sell Jordan drones. The result, Penney added, was that Jordan bought CH-4 drones from China.

“We couldn’t integrate with Jordanian CH-4s because we knew that China was gathering intelligence and collecting on those Jordanian operations and therefore would be collecting on us as well,” Penney said. “So it really does drive a wedge in our ability to operate with our partners.”

As long as the MTCR continues to define UAVs as missiles, there will be resistance within the State Department bureaucracy to approve any export sales, said Paul Scharre, director of studies at the Center for a New American Security.

“We’ve seen successive administrations make changes to their U.S. export policies, trying to overcome these hurdles. The Obama administration did. The Trump administration did,” Scharre said. “We haven’t been able to break through this deadlock inside the bureaucracy. And fundamentally, what we’re going to need is a reinterpretation of the MTCR to get us to that point.”

The current war between Russia and Ukraine highlights both the potential benefits and challenges facing drone exports, the experts said.

On one hand, Turkey has sold Ukraine TB2 drones, which “have been very effective enabling the Ukrainian military to be successful against a much larger force,” Penney said.

On the other, the U.S. has touted its own transfer of Switchblades to Ukraine, with officials referring to them as unmanned aircraft systems and media reports frequently referring to them as “kamikaze drones.” In actuality, Penney said, the weapons are loitering munitions—they fly above targets and then hit targets, detonating as they do so. Referring to Switchblades as drones creates confusion, Penney argued, and gives the illusion of progress on the drone export issue.

“I think that it’s important that we understand that aircraft [are] vehicles that are recoverable,” Penney said. “They’re not one way, they’re not weapons, but we can bring them back and reuse them—that we define those as aircraft.”

This will be increasingly important, Penney and Scharre said, as UAVs develop and grow more sophisticated. Already, the Air Force has said it plans to develop unmanned “teammates” to fly alongside manned platforms. Optionally piloted aircraft, which can be manned or unmanned, are becoming more widely available, including the Air Force’s own QF-16. And completely autonomous systems are starting to emerge, too.

As these technologies develop, the U.S. should retain the ability to export them to partners, the analysts said. But that doesn’t mean they should be available to anybody.

“It comes down to being discriminating regarding what the needs of our allies and partners are, how they plan on using it, and what’s in our interest and how we plan on operating and integrating with our partners and allies,” Penney said, comparing the issue to being selective with which nations can buy the F-35 to safeguard its advanced capabilities.

“The simple answer is that we should transfer them when it’s in our interest to do so,” added Scharre. “ … Just like any other technology, when there are advantages to us selling to partners, then we should be willing to do so and not allow ourselves to trip over our own feet in terms of getting stuck in the bureaucracy.”

USMC Hornet Squadron Pivots from Arctic to Poland to Replace USAF in Air Policing

April 19, 2022 | By Abraham Mahshie

LASK AIR BASE, Poland—Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornets had no sooner finished a six-week deployment in the Arctic before a real-world contingency required them to redeploy to NATO’s eastern flank.

The Marine Corps rarely conducts NATO Air Policing. But in the total force muscle flex triggered by Russia’s aggression in Ukraine, Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 312 finished Exercise Cold Response in Norway and flew south to central Poland. They replaced eight U.S. Air Force F-15Es from the 336th Fighter Squadron at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, N.C.

“We were best suited based on our readiness and proximity,” said executive officer Maj. Tyson Griffith, speaking to Air Force Magazine on a windy flight line here as ice crystals circulated in the air.

“We haven’t done it before, but we’ve been trained to these things,” Griffith said of the Air Policing mission. “Guys are excited to do non-training stuff to put into action everything that we’ve been preparing for.”

Lask — Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 312 executive officer Maj. Tyson Griffith discusses the first Marine Corps NATO Air Policing mission to the eastern flank of NATO, April 11, 2022. Staff photo by Abraham Mahshie.

In early February, President Joe Biden quickly ramped up deployments to NATOs eastern flank to reassure allies, moving F-15Es from RAF Lakenheath and Seymour Johnson; F/A-18s from Aviano Air Base, Italy; F-16s from Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany; and F-35s from Lakenheath and Hill Air Force Base, Utah, for a show of air power on borders with Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine.

Poland quickly responded, hosting an array of U.S. fighter aircraft.

American aircraft do not have a dedicated hangar at Lask, instead lining up in two perpendicular rows along the flight line. The adjustment means three-hour crew rotations for maintainers working with bare hands in the whipping wind and freezing temperatures.

The 10 multirole jets and 24 aircrew members fly four sorties a day, two F/A-18s per mission of two to four hours each, with instructions handed down from the NATO Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC) at Uedem, Germany.

The first pair of jets sometimes depart from the tree-shrouded airfield in total darkness as early as 3:30 a.m. The squadron is refueled by its own KC-130J, also deployed to Lask, from USMC Aerial Refueler Training Squadron 252, Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, N.C.

“It’s been pretty seamless,” said Hamilton. “Coming from here and working with the Norwegians, working with the Polish, working with the [U.S.] Air Force, there’s honestly no difference than anything at home.”

“It’s definitely kind of unprecedented, but the Marine Corps, this is what we train to all the time,” said weapons system officer Capt. Heather Hamilton, who sits in the back seat of the F/A-18D.

In combat, the weapons officer provides close air support, while in Air Policing she is using the feed on her screen from the jets’ sensors to identify aircraft in the area of operations.

“Is that a friendly airliner? Is it another NATO aircraft, or is it possibly an adversary aircraft?” she said over the sound of a KC-130J powering up for takeoff in support of an afternoon mission. “That’s my job in the backseat.”

The Marine Corps’ pivot, though unplanned, transitioned smoothly to working with the Polish Air Force, said American service members interviewed.

Unlike U.S. Air Force units commuting three hours from Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany, to various sites on the NATO eastern flank, the F/A-18s flying from Lask Air Base, Poland, stay exclusively in Polish air space, some 60 miles east of the base. That positions them inside 200 miles of Brest, Belarus, an airport near the tri-border of Poland-Belarus-Ukraine that Russia has used to shell Ukraine. Brest also sits some 190 miles north of Lviv, in western Ukraine, which came under attack from the air again April 18.

The Marine Corps mission in Poland requires regular communications with Polish NATO allies and follows the interoperability practiced at Cold Response, where Marines worked with a range of allied nations for the six weeks of preparation and exercises. During that operation March 18, four Marines in a V-22 Osprey died in a crash that is still under investigation.

Operations in cold weather are still a challenge, causing a different set of problems for aircraft.

“Our components aren’t used to the cold weather as much,” said airframes mechanic Sgt. Thomas Garcia, who works on landing gear, hydraulics, and flight control surfaces with his bare hands in the cold Polish springtime.

“It gives us a better chance to understand how the aircraft works in a cold environment so we can prepare ourselves for the future,” Garcia said.

“We’re kind of excited that we’re here right now,” he said, reflecting on NATO’s mission in Poland, so close to the war in Ukraine. “This is one of those moments where we already know what to do, and we have to do it.”

Air Force’s Outgoing 1st Chief Architect Officer Offers 4 Steps for Overcoming Bureaucracy

April 19, 2022 | By Greg Hadley

Preston Dunlap, the Department of the Air Force’s first-ever chief architect officer, is set to leave the Pentagon in the coming weeks, he confirmed in a lengthy LinkedIn post on April 18—and he has a long list of recommendations for those coming after him on how to combat Defense Department bureaucracy.

Dunlap’s departure, first reported by Bloomberg, marks the latest exit by a high-ranking Air Force official tasked with modernizing the department. In September 2021, Nicolas M. Chaillan, the first-ever chief software officer of the Air Force, announced his resignation, also on LinkedIn and also offering a candid assessment of the challenges facing DAF.

Dunlap first came to the Air Force in 2019, primarily to oversee the architecture of both the Air Force and Space Force. In particular, though, he was tasked with helping to jumpstart the development and organization of the Advanced Battle Management System, the Air Force’s contribution to joint all-domain command and control—the so-called military Internet of Things that will connect sensors and shooters into one massive network.

Under Dunlap, progress on ABMS proceeded with numerous experiments and transitioned to a program executive office. Dunlap also helped with the development of an “integrated warfighting network” to allow small teams of Airmen serving in far-flung locations to use their work laptops on deployments.

“It’s been my honor to help our nation get desperately needed technology into the hands of our service members who place their lives on the line every day,” Dunlap wrote on LinkedIn. “Some of that technology was previously unimaginable before we developed new capabilities, and at other times it was previously unattainable—available commercially, yet beyond DOD’s grasp.”

Initially, Dunlap wrote, he signed on for two years in the Pentagon, before agreeing to extend his stay for a third year. Now, as he departs, he is joining Chaillan in pointing out the DOD’s shortcomings when it comes to innovation and pushing the department to revolutionize its approach, especially for adopting new technologies, so that it can, in his words, “defy gravity.”

“Not surprisingly to anyone who has worked for or with the government before, I arrived to find no budget, no authority, no alignment of vision, no people, no computers, no networks, a leaky ceiling, even a broken curtain,” Dunlap wrote.

In looking to break through bureaucracy, Dunlap wrote, he followed four key steps that he urged his successor to follow: shock the system, flip the acquisition script, just deliver already, and slay the valley of death and scale.

In doing so, he said, he sought to operate more like SpaceX, the aerospace company founded by Elon Musk that has earned plaudits for its fast-moving, innovative practices.

“By the time the government manages to produce something, it is too often obsolete; no business would ever survive this way, nor should it. Following a commercial approach, just like SpaceX, allowed me to accomplish a number of ‘firsts’ in DOD in under two years,” Dunlap wrote.

Among those firsts, Dunlap referenced the integration of artificial intelligence into military kill chains, interoperability of data and communications across different satellites and aircraft, the deployment of zero trust architecture, and the promotion of security in software development, known as DevSecOps.

In addition, Dunlap argued for a “reformatting” of the Pentagon’s acquisition enterprise, an oft-criticized process seen by many as out-dated and antiquated. By leveraging commercial technologies, shifting focus to outcomes instead of detailed requirements, putting more investments in outside innovators, and pushing forward with a concerted, rapid pace, the Pentagon can start to “regrow its thinning technological edge,” Dunlap wrote.

In order to help develop innovation and progress, Dunlap also pushed for flexibility—both in how the department works and connects, and in how it develops new systems. In particular, he argued for open systems and open architectures to allow new systems to rapidly adapt to and integrate new capabilities as they are developed, pointing to the B-21 Raider and Next-Generation Air Dominance programs as examples of that approach.

“We should never be satisfied,” Dunlap closed by writing. “We need this kind of progress at scale now, not tomorrow. So let’s be careful to not…

“Lull ourselves into complacency, when we should be running on all cylinders.
“Do things the same way, when we should be doing things better.
“Distract ourselves with process, when we should be focused on delivering product.
“Compete with each other, when we should be competing with China.
“Defend our turf, when we should be defending our country.
“Focus on input metrics, when we should be focused on output metrics.
“Buy the same things, when we should be investing in what we need.
“Be comfortable with the way things are, when we should be fighting for the way things should be.”

Dunlap’s departure comes at a seeming inflection point for the ABMS program he was tasked with overseeing. Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall has indicated he wants to take a different approach to the program, focusing more on specific operational impacts delivered quickly and less on experiments showing advanced capabilities.

“We can’t invest in everything, and we shouldn’t invest in improvements that don’t have clear operational benefit,” Kendall said March 3 at the AFA Warfare Symposium in Orlando, Fla.. “We must be more focused on specific things with measurable value and operational impact.”

As part of that approach, Kendall has made it one of his organizational imperatives to more fully define the goals and impacts the ABMS program is going for.

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Last Goblet Turned Over for Dick Cole and His Comrades on 80th Anniversary of Tokyo Raid

April 18, 2022 | By John A. Tirpak

On the 80th anniversary of the Doolittle Raid against Japan, Air Force leaders performed the last “goblet” ceremony, bidding a formal farewell to the last of the Raiders, Lt. Col. Dick Cole, and honoring his fellow aircrew members.

Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall, at the Mattie Kelly Arts Center on the campus of Northwest Florida State College in Niceville, toasted the Doolittle Raiders, saying, “To those who have gone.” The Raiders trained for their historic mission in the area.

The April 18, 1942, mission, led by then-Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle, launched Army Air Forces B-25 Mitchell bombers from the USS Hornet aircraft carrier toward targets in Japan, mostly in the vicinity of Tokyo. Although the bombing attack inflicted minimal damage on the Japanese government and war industry, it proved a major morale boost to Americans, as it marked the first time the U.S. was able to strike back against the Japanese home islands after the attack on Pearl Harbor. It broke the Japanese military’s confidence that the home islands were impervious to attack and, according to Doolittle’s autobiography, “sowed doubt” in the minds of the Japanese that their military could protect them.

Of the 80 Raiders who took part in the mission, 72 made it home, and 61 survived the war, holding annual reunions from 1946. The Doolittle Tokyo Raiders Association created the “goblet ceremony,” where, at each annual reunion, survivors drank to fallen comrades from silver goblets bearing their names, while the goblets of those Raiders who had died the previous year were turned over and placed in a blue velvet box.

The last surviving Raider was Cole, Doolittle’s co-pilot, who died in 2019 at the age of 103. He raised the last toast to his comrades in 2017, unable to attend further ceremonies due to age and health. Cole built the box that houses the goblets.

The final goblet ceremony was deferred due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the desire to mark it on the 80th anniversary. Kendall drank the final toast to Cole and the other Raiders, along with Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr. and other senior leaders as well as members of the Doolittle Raiders’ families.

Cole attended the Air Force Association annual conference in 2016, when the new B-21 bomber was assigned the nickname “Raider” in honor of the members of the Doolittle mission. Upon Cole’s 2019 death, AFA president Lt. Gen. Bruce “Orville” Wright called him an “ambassador for airpower … up until the very last.”

The Raiders trained in secret for several months before the mission, learning how to coax their B-25s into the air with a minimum of takeoff space while carrying twice the B-25’s normal load of fuel. The aircraft were also modified in other ways, with much regular gear—including radios, guns, and Norden bombsights—removed to lighten the aircraft and extend their flight time.

The raid launched 10 hours ahead of schedule because the Navy detected a Japanese vessel that might have raised a warning. To preserve surprise, the mission launched 200 miles farther from Japan than the plan called for.

Doolittle and Cole had the toughest takeoff, as their bomber was first in line, with the shortest amount of deck space. Their technique was to reach the edge of the flight deck as the ship crested a swell, leaving more room to gain airspeed after departing the ship. A total of 16 B-25s departed the Hornet. The original plan called for the aircraft to land in China, but the early takeoff doomed most of them to crashes or water ditches. A sole airplane landed in Russia and was confiscated, its crew imprisoned until later in the war.

Though Doolittle feared a court-martial for losing all the aircraft under his command, the mission was deemed a great success, and Doolittle was advanced two steps, to brigadier general. He finished the war as a three-star general, having commanded the 8th Air Force in Europe, but was advanced by Congress to full four-star general rank in 1985.

U.S. Military Posture Changes Needed in Europe, Pentagon Says

April 18, 2022 | By John A. Tirpak

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has changed the security situation in Europe, and the U.S will have to shift its long-term military posture there as a result—but it’s too soon to say how, according to Pentagon Press Secretary John F. Kirby. Kirby also said Russia seems to be trying to “learn from its mistakes” in Ukraine but still has most of its pre-war combat capability, despite its losses.

“The European security environment has changed and will stay changed as a result of Mr. Putin’s willingness to conduct an unprovoked invasion of a neighboring state,” Kirby said in a press conference. Russia’s military “failures notwithstanding, that war is still ongoing” and is prompting a review of the U.S. posture in Europe, he said. While Kirby had “no answers for you today” about what those will be, discussions are ongoing within the Pentagon and with allies and partners, and no decisions will be made “without full consultation” with them.

Asked if it was true that Russia retains some 85 percent of the conventional combat capability it had before the Feb. 22 invasion, Kirby declined to quote figures.

“I don’t want to get into percentages and specific data here on their combat power,” he said. “I would just say that we still believe that they have the vast majority of their combat power available to them, even with the losses.” For the invasion, Russia assembled a combined-arms team including “aviation, armor, artillery, infantry, special operations, airborne … and they still have a majority of that available to them, even with the losses that they’ve sustained in the last few weeks,” Kirby said.

Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown Jr. said April 12 that the Ukraine war had not appreciably changed the service’s assessment of forces needed for the European theater, as USAF had been contemplating the European situation since it began withdrawing forces from the Middle East over the last couple of years. The invasion was predicted by intelligence last fall and had largely been accounted for in the fiscal 2023 budget, Brown said. Still, USAF has moved additional fighters, tankers, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance aircraft into the European theater over the past few months, as well as bombers on a rotational basis, all to reassure NATO allies who feel threatened by the invasion of Ukraine.

Kirby said Russia is “trying to learn from past mistakes” in its invasion and that the appointment of Gen. Alexander Dvornikov as commander of all Ukraine operations is an acknowledgement that the initial operational concept for command and control was flawed, as was the concept for logistics, which Kirby characterized as a failure. It’s “too soon to know” if Russia has effectively learned much from its mistakes so far, he said.

Kirby also reported that some Russian units that launched attacks on Kiev are being withdrawn to Belarus for “refit” and will probably “go back in” when they are re-equipped and resupplied.

The Pentagon has said repeatedly that while the invasion of Ukraine makes Russia an “acute” threat, China remains “the pacing threat” according to summaries provided of the new National Defense Strategy, an unclassified version of which has yet to be made public.

IG Report: USAF, Army Must Do More to Prepare Arctic Bases for Climate Change

April 18, 2022 | By Greg Hadley

The Air Force and Army need to do a better job of preparing installations in the Arctic for the impacts of climate change, according to a new report by the Defense Department inspector general.

The IG report issued April 13 looked at six bases in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions and found that at all six, officials “did not conduct installation resilience assessments and planning required by DOD directive and public law.”

The six bases studied were:

Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska
Clear Space Force Station, Alaska
Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska
Thule Air Base, Greenland
Fort Greely, Alaska
Fort Wainwright, Alaska

The report states that at many of these installations, leaders were either unaware of those requirements or didn’t have the guidance and resources necessary to meet them.

Instead, leaders’ “day-to-day focus was on reacting to immediate problems or reducing risk to existing hazards, rather than planning for future hazards,” the report states.

Some details about those existing problems were redacted as part of the unclassified report. But the report does list “cracked runways, sunken foundations, and multiple power outages” as effects from the changing climate that have affected the bases.

In particular, the thawing of permafrost, as well as the refreezing that can subsequently occur, have created issues for paved areas, most critically on runways.

“Leaders described and we observed extensive damage to the Thule AB runway shoulders and aircraft hangars from permafrost melt and the freezing and thawing of water that is collecting under the airfield infrastructure,” the report states. At Eielson, a member of a maintenance squadron assigned to the F-35 “described the challenges from the soil freezing and thawing beneath the infrastructure on the base.”

Images included in the report also show damage to facilities at Thule and Eielson caused by water freezing and melting.

Not just changing temperatures are having an effect. The report also details the impact of increasingly severe weather by noting the damage a storm wreaked on a hangar at Eareckson Air Station, located on one of the westernmost islands in the Aleutian chain.

“In addition to the damage to Hangar 7, the pier sustained significant damage from a storm in February 2020, leaving it in critical condition and in need of repair. The pier is critical for the success of the air station’s mission because any disruption in the supply of fuel to the installation would result in catastrophic mission failure,” the report states.

Concerns about how DOD installations are equipped to handle the impacts of climate change have grown over the last several years, particularly as the Air Force has dealt with catastrophic damages to Tyndall Air Force Base, Fla., from a hurricane and Offutt Air Force Base, Neb., from flooding.

In the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act, Congress required major military installations to plan for climate change when drafting their master plans. In response, the Air Force issued a 40-page “Severe Weather and Climate Hazard Screening and Risk Assessment Playbook” to installations. By July 2021, more than 80 installations had completed an initial risk assessment, with plans to finish the changes to master plans at every base within five years, said Jennifer L. Miller then-acting assistant secretary of the Air Force for installations, environment, and energy.

In October 2021, the DOD issued a Climate Adaptation Plan for the department to incorporate climate resiliency into its decision-making.

At the same time, the importance of the Arctic has become increasingly emphasized, especially as melting ice caps have increased shipping lanes and access to the region. In 2019, the DOD released its Arctic strategy, and the Air Force followed with one of its own in 2020. USAF Gen. Glen D. VanHerck, head of U.S. Northern Command, has repeatedly pushed for more funding for the region as well.

Despite all this, “most installation leaders at the six installations we visited in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region were unfamiliar with military installation resilience planning requirements, processes, and tools, and installation leaders did not comply with requirements to identify current and projected climate-related environmental risks, vulnerabilities, and risk reduction measures, or incorporate these considerations into plans and operations,” the IG’s office found.

To address that issue, the report recommends that the Air Force’s installations czar “establish priorities, develop milestones, and identify planning and training resources for the Department of the Air Force” and “establish Department of the Air Force installation orders requiring installation commanders to identify climate risks, conduct assessments, determine climate vulnerabilities, and identify and plan for follow-on climate resilience measures for current and future climate changes in installation master plans.”

In response to those recommendations, Edwin H. Oshiba, the current acting assistant secretary for energy, installations, and environment—a.k.a. czar—told the IG that the Department of the Air Force would complete Installation Climate Resilience Plans for all major installations within 36 months. He also agreed to provide oversight with the Air Force’s major commands and Space Force’s field commands over the installation commanders to ensure they plan for climate change’s effects.