Saltzman: New Space Force Readiness Model Will Be ‘Drastic Change’

April 23, 2024 | By Chris Gordon

Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman said reforms underway to the Space Force’s deployment and training model are the “most drastic change accompanying the establishment of the Space Force” in a note distributed to Guardians on April 19.

“It fundamentally alters how we prepare for operations,” Saltzman wrote in one of his “C-Note” updates.

Service leaders argue that the Space Force does not currently follow a model that properly prepares Guardians for a real-world fight. Saltzman has previously likened the USSF’s changes to turning a Merchant Marine into the U.S. Navy—that is, turning a peacetime force into one that is ready and equipped to go to war.

“Expecting Guardians to accomplish a combat mission they are not ready to perform betrays the trust the American people have placed in the Space Force,” Saltzman wrote. “That’s why building readiness is a central obligation of our service.”

Under the Department of the Air Force’s efforts to “re-optimize” for the so-called great power competition, the USAF and USSF are implementing new deployment models. For the Air Force, that means packaging forces in more holistic, deployable units that already train together under the AFFORGEN force generation model. The goal, ultimately, is to have Airmen who are more ready to fight on short notice.

The Space Force shares that goal but faces a different way of fighting since most Guardians are deployed in place with the same unit.

Saltzman has emphasized improving realistic training so that Guardians are prepared to fight. But personnel cannot do their day jobs and train at the same time—or at least they won’t be doing so in the future, Saltzman wrote. That is why the service needs the new Space Force Generation (SPAFORGEN) model, he said.

“It is based on the straightforward observation that day-to-day space operations do not prepare Guardians for the challenges they will face in a high-intensity combat environment,” Saltzman wrote. “Balancing operations with readiness requires a different approach than the ‘all-in, all-the-time’ construct we used before.”

SPAFORGEN, which was first previewed by Saltzman in a C-Note late last year, will follow three phases through which Guardians will rotate. First is the “Prepare Phase” for Guardians to learn their assigned roles. Second is the “Ready Phase,” during which Guardians will “participate in advanced training to equip them for high-intensity conflict,” Saltzman wrote. Finally is the “Commit Phase,” in which Guardians will be part of a combat squadron or combat detachment.

The Air Force is following a similar concept with AFFORGEN, which has four six-month cycles. That model has already been implemented, with the first Airmen deploying under it last fall.

Retired Air Force Col. Stuart Pettis, who worked on the Space Force headquarters staff and served as chief of training for Air Force Space Command, said SPAFORGEN is addressing a known but vexing issue.

“The challenge is providing white space for crews to do advanced training because they are fully employed doing to day-to-day operations,” Pettis said.

Now, the Space Force will have a more coherent approach to training, the service says.

“Under SPAFORGEN, both officers and enlisted in mission squadrons will continue to rotate in and out of operations while assigned to the unit, creating a more experienced, capable, and threat-focused crew force,” Saltzman wrote.

Guardians and an Airman manage the 25th Space Range Squadron’s “closed-loop” range environment during a test of the Remote Modular Terminal (RMT) in Colorado Springs, Colo., April 4, 2024. U.S. Air Force photo by Capt. Charles Rivezzo

Charles Galbreath, a retired Space Force colonel, said SPAFORGEN would be a helpful construct to help judge whether the Guardians are adequately prepared for their mission.

“Understanding the metrics to monitor readiness is critical and will likely continue to evolve as the Space Force refines its thinking,” said Galbreath, a senior fellow at the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies.

Indeed, Saltzman said SPAFORGEN will help the Space Force understand itself better—an argument Air Force leaders have also used for their force generation model.

“SPAFORGEN is another example where the Space Force is prioritizing combat effectiveness over organizational efficiency,” Saltzman wrote. “It allows headquarters staffs to accurately measure and resource readiness. Doing so creates the capacity to perform today’s mission while also preparing for tomorrow’s fight.”

While Saltzman has previously articulated the need to switch to the SPAFORGEN model, his recent C-Note takes the argument directly to Guardians whose lives will be affected by the changes.

“Big changes are never easy, and there is still a tremendous amount of work needed to fully implement SPAFORGEN across the service,” Saltzman wrote. “My hope is that, by sharing the principles here, leaders at every level can aggressively resource and normalize the SPAFORGEN model to maximize our combat effectiveness.”

Why a C-130 Crew Braved a 26 Hour Flight to Guam

April 23, 2024 | By David Roza

An Air Force C-130J Super Hercules crew braved a long flight around half the planet earlier this month as part of an experiment testing how quickly they could respond to a crisis in the Indo-Pacific.

Dubbed Hazard Leap, the test kicked off on April 18 when two full crews—three pilots and two loadmasters each—in a C-130J assigned to the 40th Airlift Squadron took off from Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, bound for Guam, a U.S. territory in the western Pacific that serves as a key military hub. The flight took 26 hours and 33 minutes, including a stop for gas in Hawaii along the way. The C-130J had a toilet on board, but the crew also took a quick bathroom break in Hawaii during the refueling stop, a Dyess Air Force Base spokesperson said.

The “remarkable” journey demonstrated the C-130J’s “ability to operate for extended periods without stopping,” Dyess wrote in a press release. The four-engine turboprop plane could fly even longer than usual thanks to external fuel tanks slung beneath its wings. The tanks added about 17,000 pounds of gas—roughly four extra hours of flying—according to Capt. Anna Santori, a pilot who flew the Hazard Leap mission.

The 40th Airlift Squadron is not the first to fly a C-130J with tanks, but, according to the release, it is the first in Air Mobility Command to use them in a maximum endurance operation (MEO), the term for very long flights meant to test the capabilities of the crew and the aircraft. Units across the Air Force have flown MEOs in recent years to prepare for a possible conflict with China over the vast Pacific Ocean, where Air Mobility Command will be hard-pressed to provide airlift, aerial refueling, and aeromedical evacuation to the rest of the military.

“There is too much water and too much distance [in the Pacific] for anyone else to do it relevantly, at pace, at speed, at scale,” AMC boss Gen. Mike Minihan said in 2022. “Everybody’s role is critical, but Air Mobility Command is the maneuver for the Joint Force. If we don’t have our act together, nobody wins.”

Past MEOs included a 36-hour KC-46 flight over the Pacific and a 72-hour KC-135 mission back and forth over the continental U.S. Part of the challenge is the physical and mental strain of flying an aircraft for a long period of time. Air Mobility Command is working on new solutions to help crews develop better awareness and diagnostics of their fatigue and alertness levels, much the same way the plane’s performance is measured by cockpit instruments.

“The status quo is we just ask the crew, ‘Hey, how’s everyone feeling?’” Maj. Nate Mocalis, who took part in the 72-hour KC-135 flight, said in January. “But as humans, we’re really poor judges of objectively assessing our actual fatigue and risk due to our levels of alertness.”

Another part of the challenge is connectivity: mobility aircraft have to be able to send information over vast distances in order to arrive at the right place and time as part of a complex battle plan, but today much of the mobility fleet relies on old-fashioned voice-to-voice communication, which takes a while and is vulnerable to misunderstandings. Minihan is pushing to adopt available technology that allows for secure beyond line of sight data exchange.

“I can just look at a tablet or a screen and I can see it,” Minihan told Air & Space Forces Magazine in February. “I can know which airfields have been bombed or damaged. Then I don’t have to just show up, look at the runway, and say that one’s not for me today. These things are all essential.”

Airmen at Little Rock Air Force Base made progress on the connectivity challenge during a separate MEO earlier this year. Maintainers with the 19th Airlift Wing installed a satellite communications terminal, called the SD/R4i Tactical Removable Airborne Satellite Communications solution, onto the hatch of a C-130J, then the crew successfully tested it during a 26-hour, 20-minute flight, according to the manufacturer, SD Government.

Am image of the SD/R4i Tactical Removeable Airborne Satellite Communications (TRASC) BLOS solution successfully tested by a C-130J crew from the 19th Airlift Wing during a 26-hour flight. (Photo via SD Government)

“Performed as part of Exercise Gnarly Explodeo, the maximum endurance mission recorded 100 percent reliability and availability from the TRASC system as it facilitated secure command and control data communications, defense applications, intelligence updates, electronic flight bags, video conferencing, voice over internet and WiFi calls,” the manufacturer, SD Government, wrote in a press release. Col. Denny Davies, commander of the 19th Airlift Wing, seemed to agree.

“This platform enables global command and control, providing our crew with unparalleled situational awareness,” Davies said in the release. “It makes the C-130 much more resilient and capable in the vastness of the Pacific, reinforcing the Air Force’s core tenant of distributed control.”

It was not clear if the 317th Airlift Wing also tried out new connectivity methods during Hazard Leap, but they have more challenges coming up, such as working with U.S. Marines in the Philippines during Balikatan, an annual exercise that started on April 22 this year. The mission sets there will likely include landing at blacked-out airfields, loading and off-loading High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems (HIMARS), and forward area refueling, the Dyess spokesperson said. Hopefully those challenges will not look so difficult compared to 26 hours spent aboard a C-130 for Hazard Leap.

“The successful completion of Hazard Leap is a testament to our team’s dedication and the remarkable capabilities of the C-130J Super Hercules,” Maj. Alex Leach, mission commander and 40th Airlift Squadron assistant director of operations, said in the release. “This operation set a new standard for our squadron and this airframe; it serves as a stepping-stone for future missions.”

US Confirms First Attack on American Troops in Months as Drones Shot Down in Iraq

April 22, 2024 | By Chris Gordon

The U.S. thwarted a drone attack on American forces at Al Asad air base in western Iraq on April 22, marking the first time that American troops have been targeted since February, U.S. officials said.

“We can confirm it was an attack on Al Asad,” a defense official told Air & Space Forces Magazine. “There were no injuries or damage to infrastructure.”

Another defense official said that two one-way attack drones had been shot down.

The episode comes on the heels of an incident the day before in Syria in which a coalition fighter destroyed a rocket system that was firing in the vicinity of a U.S. base in Rumalyn, Syria. Pentagon Press Secretary Air Force Maj. Gen. Patrick S. Ryder described the episode as an act of “self-defense” and a “failed rocket attack.”

The U.S. has not officially categorized the militia rocket firings in Syria as an attack because the projectiles did not land close to American forces and it is not clear where they were aimed.

“In this particular case, you had a truck with rockets on it that was shooting rockets all over the place, some type of malfunction,” Ryder said. He added the incident was still under investigation.

U.S. officials did not say which nation’s aircraft blew up the rocket system. American, British, and French fighters are known to fly missions over Syria as part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the campaign against the Islamic State.

“They clearly detected it, and so, took it out in self-defense,” Ryder told reporters.

U.S. forces had not been attacked since Feb. 4. Before that, there had been at least 170 attacks on U.S. troops in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan since mid-October, including a militia attack in late January in which three Soldiers were killed at Tower 22 in Jordan, just across the border from the U.S. Al Tanf base in eastern Syria.

The U.S. launched retaliatory airstrikes on Feb. 3. against 85 targets in Iraq and Syria affiliated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and Iranian-aligned militias. That was the Biden administration’s largest use of force against Iran-backed militia groups in Iraq and Syria. It succeeded in deterring further attacks against U.S. forces in those countries until this week.

There are some 2,500 U.S. troops in Iraq and 900 in Syria advising partner forces and conducting operations against the Islamic State. The U.S. and Iraqi governments are negotiating over the future of the U.S. presence in Iraq.

“I think that deterrence is always temporal,” CENTCOM boss Gen. Michael “Erik” Kurilla told the Senate Armed Services Committee on March 16. “So you can deter for a period of time and then it will wane.”

The episode follows a nail-biting moment earlier this month when Iran launched its first-ever direct attack on Israel, which involved about 330 drones, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles. Only four or five projectiles hit Israel and none did significant damage, U.S. officials say.

“We’ve seen these attacks, obviously, in the past,” State Department spokesman Matt Miller told reporters on April 22. “We have made quite clear to Iran, we’ve made quite clear to Iran’s proxy groups that we will defend our interests, we will defend our personnel, and that continues to be the case.”

President Says Poland ‘Ready’ to Join NATO Nuclear Sharing

April 22, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

Poland may join the five NATO countries which could deploy U.S.-made tactical nuclear weapons on its fighters in a European armed conflict, Polish president Adrzej Duda said in a interview published April 22.

Duda, in an interview with the Warsaw publication Fakt, voiced concerns that Russia has been “militarizing” the enclave of Kaliningrad—its Switzerland-sized province on the Black Sea that borders Poland and Lithuania, but which is geographically cut off from Russia—and that this poses a direct threat to Poland. Russia claimed Kaliningrad from Germany as reparations following World War II.

If NATO decides to expand “nuclear sharing” with Poland to strengthen NATO deterrence in the region, Poland “is ready” to accept this role, Duda said.

Polish prime minister Donald Tusk, however, said the matter is a “massive idea” that has not been decided by the full government and requires further discussion on a national scale. The Associated Press quoted Tusk as saying Poland “must be absolutely positive we want” to have the nuclear role. There is no timetable for such a decision to be made.

The AP also quoted the Russian defense ministry as saying that deploying American nuclear weapons on Polish soil would be met with “all the necessary retaliatory steps to guarantee our safety.”

The “nuclear sharing” arrangement allows Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey to deploy American B61 tactical nuclear bomb weapons on their fighters under NATO control. Most of those countries also agree to store those weapons.

Duda noted that neighboring Belarus has been able to carry Russian tactical weapons on its fighters since 2022, and that Belarus president Alexander Lukashenko confirmed in December that the weapons had arrived and could be deployed at any time.

Belarus has hosted a number of wargames with Russia before and since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022; wargames that seemed aimed toward military action against Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In response to Baltic NATO country concerns about a Russian move against them, the U.S. and other NATO partners began rotational deployments of ground forces and fighters to reinforce the region that continue today.

All of the nuclear sharing nations with the exception of Turkey have or have signed up to buy the F-35 stealth fighter. When Germany formally announced it was buying F-35s in late 2022, it specifically mentioned the need for a more modern fighter to carry out the nuclear mission. Turkey was drummed out of the F-35 program when it agreed to buy Russian surface-to-air S-400 air defense systems, which NATO partners said would imperil the F-35’s stealth secrets. Instead, the U.S. recently sold Turkey new F-16s.

Poland agreed to buy 32 F-35s in 2022 for $4.6 billion, but it already has advanced F-16s that could carry out the nuclear mission. Poland will accept its first F-35s within the next year, operating them initially at Luke Air Base, Ariz. for training of Polish pilots. The full complement will be delivered to Poland by 2030.

The F-35 was certified to carry and deploy the B61-12 tactical nuclear weapon last fall, but this was only acknowledged in March. The certification required 10 years of effort across 16 government agencies, a spokesperson for the F-35 Joint Program Office said.

The B61-12 has a yield of about 50 kilotons. While the U.S. will not say which of its F-35s are designated for the nuclear mission, squadrons at RAF Lakenheath, U.K. have previously been assigned that role, and nuclear-certified weapon storage facilities are already there.

ICBM Cancer Study Finds No High Levels of Hazardous Chemicals at Vandenberg

April 22, 2024 | By Chris Gordon

The Air Force found no significant evidence of harmful chemicals at Vandenberg Space Force Base, Calif., as part of its ongoing Missile Community Cancer Study, the service said on April 22.

Samples collected in February found “no instances of contamination above regulatory action level.”

The sampling of Vandenberg focused on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are possible carcinogens. Three of the 116 PCB tests returned positive results—two at a Missile Alert Facility at the base and another at a Launch Facility. VOCs were detected in one sample.

However, the levels are low and “do not require mitigation efforts,” Air Force Global Strike Command said in a release.

The study, conducted by the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFAM), was ordered by Gen. Thomas A. Bussiere in March 2023, in response to renewed concerns about the possibly hazardous conditions faced by missileers, who often sat on alert in underground bunkers in 24 to 48 hour shifts, as well as maintenance, security forces, and other Airmen who may also have been exposed to harmful chemicals at the missile sites.

The study originally focused on the three operational international continental ballistic missile bases Malmstrom Air Force Base, Mont.; F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyo.; and Minot Air Force Base, N.D. Together, those bases oversee 400 operational Minuteman III ICBM silos spread out over Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, Colorado, and Nebraska. But as a test and training base, Vandenberg includes many of the same types of facilities. In fact, Vandenberg is the only base that actually launches Minuteman III missiles when the Air Force test-fires the Cold War-era missiles several times a year to ensure they are in working order. The Air Force announced they were expanding testing to the base in late 2023.

Vandenberg Space Force Base—formerly Vandenberg Air Force Base—hosts Air Force Global Strike Command’s 377th Test and Evaluation Group, which supports missile tests, and Air Education and Training Command’s 532nd Training Squadron, which provides missile training to roughly 450 missile officers and maintainers annually.

USAFAM, the study lead, conducted the environmental sampling. The team also tested for radon, a radioactive gas, but the Air Force is still waiting for the results of those samples.

Locations included “two Launch Facilities, one Missile Procedures Trainer, one operational Missile Alert Facility (MAF)/Launch Control Center (LCC), one deactivated Peacekeeper MAF/LCC, and missile maintenance trainers within the missile maintenance training bay,” AFGSC said.

PCBs have been found at operational bases above allowed levels, and the Air Force is working to clean them up. The chemicals were commonly used in electronics before being banned in the late 1970s. The positive samples at Vandenberg were found on one of the missile alert facilities’ launch control panels and on an electrical component in a launch facility. Vandenberg has served as a missile test facility since the late 1950s and continues to host numerous launches a year.

Airman 1st Class Mikhail Ayala, 90th Operational Medical Readiness Squadron bioenvironmental engineering apprentice, takes samples at L-01 missile alert facility, or MAF, near Stoneham, Colorado, July 13, 2023. USAFSAM teams visited all of F.E. Warren Air Force Base’s MAFs as part of the ongoing Missile Community Cancer Study. U.S. Air Force photo by Joseph Coslett Jr.

The Vandenberg sampling was less comprehensive than the three operational bases. In a release, Air Force Global Strike Command said that the study team did not test the soil, water, or organophosphates, despite contaminated soil and water being long-held concerns of missileers and being tested at operational bases. Unlike operational bases, the Air Force said Vandenberg’s location along the California coast is not near agricultural land, and the base gets its drinking water from an off-base municipal water system.

A separate part of the Missile Community Cancer Study found preliminary evidence showing higher rates of prostate and breast cancer for the missile community cohort, according to Department of Defense health data, but the study has not found higher rates of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, a blood cancer. In early 2023, concerns from a Space Force officer who had served at Malmstrom surfaced online and sparked renewed interest in cases of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

The Air Force dismissed concerns of cancer among Airmen who served in missile fields in 2001 and 2005 studies that were far more limited in scope than the one now underway. Officials cautioned that the health data the service has evaluated is limited to information gathered from internal electronic DOD medical records and that the dataset will expand. Further results with more data are expected to be released this summer.

Lt. Gen. Michael J. Lutton, the deputy commander of AFGSC, said in a release that the service leaders are committed to a “comprehensive, science-based, transparent MCCS serving our nuclear force and families.”

DOD Needs a Plan To Make Military Health System Genesis Work Better for Users, Watchdog Says

April 22, 2024 | By David Roza

A government watchdog urged the Department of Defense to set concrete goals for improving user satisfaction with military health system (MHS) Genesis, the widely-maligned program meant to modernize and streamline the military’s electronic health record (EHR) networks.

Without goals and a plan to achieve them, the Defense Department “will be limited in its ability to objectively measure progress, plan for improvements, and ensure that the system optimally meets the users’ needs,” wrote the Government Accountability Office in a report published April 18.

Indeed, while the 2023 user satisfaction survey shows improvement over past years, it paints a grim picture overall as users still prefer older DOD or private section systems.

Only 39 percent of MHS Genesis users agreed that the system enabled patient-centered care: a four percent improvement over 2022. That lags well behind the 56 percent of users who felt the same way about legacy EHR systems, and the 46 percent of respondents who use the private sector version of MHS Genesis.

Likewise, just 20 percent of MHS Genesis users agreed that the system was efficient, 21 percent said it had a fast response time, and 29 percent said it helped deliver high quality care. By comparison, legacy system users scored 36 percent, 31 percent, and 46 percent in the same categories, while private sector users scored 32 percent, 40 percent, and 50 percent.

The findings confirm a wide-held frustration with MHS Genesis, which has been plagued by glitches since it first rolled out in 2017. These include cybersecurity vulnerabilities, network latency, lengthy issue resolution processes, inadequate staff training, and delayed upgrades, the Congressional Research Service wrote in 2019. About 90 percent of survey respondents found inaccurate or incomplete patient health care information, which delayed access to health care, the Defense Department Inspector General wrote in 2022.

Some also say the system is too aggressive, flagging recruits with minor health conditions and preventing them from joining the service. It also slows down the medical review process: MHS Genesis connects to most civilian health information exchange networks to get a closer look at a recruit’s history, but that history is often incomplete, which draws out the timeline, the Defense Department Inspector General wrote in 2023.

“Prior to MHS Genesis onboarding, it was at least half, if not a third of the time to medically assess someone,” Brig. Gen. Christopher Amrhein, the head of the Air Force Recruiting Service, said in February. “If we can continue to work that piece, I think we can garner a great number of folks to join our Air and Space Forces.”

Lawmakers are worried too: at a hearing in December, Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), chair of the Senate Armed Services subcommittee on personnel, said she was concerned MHS Genesis was delaying the recruiting process and raising issues over applicants with manageable or long-healed injuries. At the hearing, Maj. Gen. William Bowers, head of the Marine Corps Recruiting Command, said the Pentagon had “recently set up a task force to look at the challenges of implementation” that was due to finish in February. A Pentagon spokesperson did not immediately respond when asked for a status update on the task force.

Future Moves

With more than 171,000 users around the world, MHS Genesis is here to stay, which is why the Department of Defense needs goals for improving user experience and a plan to achieve them, GAO argued. Those goals and plans have not yet been established, because the department “focused its priorities on deploying the system to all sites and ensuring patient safety,” officials told the GAO.

The Defense Department partially concurred with GAO’s recommendation to establish MHS Genesis user satisfaction targets and work towards meeting them. After the deployment phase ended earlier this year, “we are transitioning to an optimization phase of the program to enhance the end user experience,” the department wrote.

But one area of MHS Genesis is still so bad that the GAO recommended the Pentagon find an alternative. The dental module, Dentrix, has had problems since it started in 2018, and it still can’t support a growing number of users, GAO found. The program office said the Dentrix vendor had “systemic inability to deliver fundamental capability on schedule and on budget,” but as of November, there were no dates, estimates, or plans for finding an alternative.

“Until the program office identifies an alternative approach to resolving the Dentrix issue, MHS Genesis will not provide critical functionality to dentists who are treating service members and other DOD beneficiaries,” GAO wrote.

The Defense Department partially concurred with GAO’s recommendation, saying it was currently conducting an analysis of alternatives to “explore new solutions.”

First AI Dogfights Focus on Safety, Building for CCA Applications

April 21, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

The first live-fly dogfights between an artificial-intelligence-flown jet and human pilots took place last fall, the U.S. Air Force and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency revealed April 19. Ongoing testing of the capability will help inform the development of Collaborative Combat Aircraft, of which the USAF expects to field more than a thousand in the next decade.

The AI was loaded aboard the Air Force’s X-62 VISTA (Variable Stability In-flight Simulator Test Aircraft), a highly modified F-16 research aircraft, and flew multiple dogfight engagements against stock F-16s flown by human pilots, according to Lt. Col. Ryan Hefron, program manager for DARPA’s Air Combat Evolution (ACE) project, and Col. James Valpiani, commandant of the Air Force Test Pilot School, who spoke to reporters in a teleconference about the effort.

Hefron declined to divulge the outcome of the initial dogfights, citing classification.

The ACE program has been underway for four years, he said, and the AI was trained not by feeding it hundreds of pilot engagement reports but by allowing the program to teach itself dogfighting by running “billions” of simulations about how to maneuver the aircraft given a wide range of demands, conditions and mission rules of engagement. The AI algorithms started non-dogfight flight tests on VISTA in late 2022, accomplishing 21 such missions before the dogfight phase. During the run-up, the two-seat VISTA had two pilots on board, switching between various AI agents to evaluate their performance. But Hefron said they never had to take control away from the AI.

The AI was first verified in computer simulations. There, Hefron said, the AI consistently prevailed against human pilots. But the simulations didn’t include rules on how “not to break the airplane” by overloading its structural limits. That was added before the live-fly elements were begun.

In the exhaustive virtual engagements over several years, the AI was “rewarded”—a computing term for something akin to emphasis—when it did the right thing and corrected when it did the wrong thing. Valpiani said that only when simulations showed it was routinely safe did the action move to life-fly engagements.

The key to the effort so far has been operating safely, in order to give pilots confidence that the AI can be trusted to function as expected, Hefron said.

Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall will soon fly in the VISTA to see firsthand how the experiments work.

In the dogfights, VISTA built up to full-on dogfighting by first flying defensively, then gradually being put more on the offense, often coming within 2,000 feet of a human opponent and flying at Mach 2. Flight test school students had a major hand in designing the tests, Valpiani said.

Valpiani and Hefron said a variety of dogfight situations were tested, including head-to-head engagements, and engagements where the dogfight started with one aircraft already in a disadvantaged position.

Gen. Mark D. Kelly, the recently-retired former head of Air Combat Command, had been cautious in recent years about human-machine teaming for air combat, insisting that before the Air Force plunges headlong into acquiring thousands of CCAs, fighter pilots who would collaborate with them must be completely satisfied that they can be trusted and are safe to fly with or the pilots would resist the technology.

Dogfighting is “inherently very dangerous,” Valpiani said, citing dozens of midair collisions in the F-16 and F/A-18 communities over the last few decades. It’s one of the “most difficult” aerial skills to master, he noted. That’s why the prime consideration in the “crawl-walk-run” effort has been on safety.

The autonomy builds on efforts such as the F-16’s Collision Avoidance System, he said, in which programs onboard the fighter will take control and steer clear of an impending air or ground crash if the pilot is not doing so. The system has saved a number of lives.

But air combat is much more complex than flying point-to-point or simply avoiding hazards, Valpiani noted, calling it the most stressing “challenge case” for an AI because it is such a dynamic activity, happening at high speed.

Lessons learned so far include how to quickly adapt the AI agent and load it into the aircraft, “plane-side” with laptops, or sometimes after takeoff. More such tests are contemplated and will pick up pace as the Air Force simultaneously launches the CCA development program with a contract to two or three companies later this year.

Top Lawmakers Want 15 Percent Pay Raise for Enlisted Troops

April 19, 2024 | By David Roza

A bipartisan law co-sponsored by the leaders of the House Armed Services Committee would boost pay by 15 percent for junior enlisted troops and seek to improve several quality of life issues.

The bill to improve U.S. military service members’ quality of life will form a fundamental part of the Fiscal Year 2025 National Defense Authorization Act, the annual law that funds most of the military. The bipartisan bill, Service Member Quality of Life Improvement Act, was introduced a week after the House Armed Services Committee published its Quality of Life report, an investigation of long-running concerns, including child care shortages, insufficient housing allowance, dilapidated barracks, and long wait times for medical appointments.

The report made a list of recommendations to help solve those issues, and HASC members vowed to write them into the 2025 NDAA. Although Congress is struggling to balance a range of competing modernization priorities as the military prepares for a possible conflict with China, lawmakers say a top priority for defense legislation is quality of life.

“We’re going to find the room in that bill to do this,” HASC Chairman Rep. Mike Rogers (R-Ala.) said last week. “We’re going to have complications. I’m not going to argue that we won’t. But it won’t be because of this, it’s because of a whole spectrum of threats and platforms and issues. But this is going to be done.”

The committee seems to have taken a step in that direction by writing several of the report’s recommendations into the bedrock of the 2025 NDAA.

“Service members should never have to worry about making ends meet, putting food on the table, or affording housing,” Rogers said in a release April 18. “Improving the quality of life for our service members and their families is my number one priority—we’re going to get this done.”

“This year’s bill leaves no doubt that the heart of America’s defense will get the recognition and resources they need and deserve,” Smith, the ranking member of the HASC who co-sponsored the bill, said in the release.

The first provision of the bill is to reform rates of monthly basic pay for troops ranked E-1 through E-4. For example, enlisted troops at the rank of E-3 with two years or fewer in service currently make $2,377.50 a month. Under the new bill, they would make $2,733.90 a month, a 15 percent increase. The raise is meant to keep pace with increasing wages for civilian low-income jobs, which have risen faster than higher-income earnings, leaving junior enlisted troops relatively shortchanged.

“This will restore real value to basic pay,” the Quality of Life Panel report said.

Beyond a pay raise, the bill would also evaluate the rates of basic allowance for subsistence and cost of living allowance; expand income eligibility for basic needs allowance from 150 percent to 200 percent of federal poverty guidelines; and appropriate $1.2 billion for upping the basic allowance for housing from 95 percent to 100 percent of the calculated rate for military housing areas.

The bill would also aim to pay child development center (CDC) workers more; make every service cover 100 percent of child care fees for the first child of a staff member at a CDC and reduce fees for additional children; fully fund requests for financial assistance to eligible civilian child care and youth program providers; and require a regular briefing from the Office of the Secretary of Defense on the state of child care waitlists, capacity at CDCs, and efforts to shorten those waitlists.

For housing, the 2025 NDAA would require each service provide increased transparency on how it spends money on barracks sustainment, restoration, and modernization. It would also require developing criteria for digital facilities management systems that would enable better tracking of building health and maintenance plans. The services would also have to explore leasing property to address the shortage of unaccompanied housing and conduct an independent assessment of how to fix that shortage.

To improve access to health care, the bill would waive referral requirements for Active-duty service members seeking help with physical therapy, nutrition, audiology, optometry, podiatry, and several areas of women’s health care. Staffing shortages across the military health system contribute to long wait times for medical appointments, and the bill requires an annual survey and reports on what strategies work to retain military medical providers.

About one in five military spouses are unemployed. To address that, the 2025 NDAA would extend the Defense Department’s authority to help state governments create interstate compacts so that spouses in licensed professions can work in other states more easily. That authority expires Sept. 30, the end of the fiscal year, under the current law, though the new bill does not specify an end date for its extension.

Beyond interstate compacts, the 2025 NDAA would also direct the Defense Department to help military spouses find paid fellowships in various industries and expand eligibility for child care for military spouses seeking employment from 90 days to at least 180 days.

Not all of the recommendations from the Quality of Life Panel report made it into the bill, but the panel’s ranking member, Rep. Chrissy Houlahan (D-Penn.), said it would still help.

“I look forward to its monumental impact on our service members and their families,” she said.

Thomas C. Reed, Secretary of the Air Force Under Ford and Carter, Dies at 89

April 19, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

Thomas C. Reed, the 11th Secretary of the Air Force and the first to have served in uniform in the Air Force uniform, died Feb. 11, at 89. He led the service under presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter, was head of the National Reconnaissance Office, and also served as a national security advisor to President Ronald Reagan.

Reed entered the Air Force in 1956 through the ROTC at Cornell University, N.Y., where he was first in his academic class—receiving a bachelor’s in mechanical engineering—and commander of the cadet corps.

On Active-duty, he was the project officer for the Minuteman Re-Entry Vehicle System. After earning a master’s in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California, he worked on thermonuclear weapon physics at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, first in uniform and then as a civilian, and was a consultant there until 1967.

In 1962, he formed the Supercon, Ltd. company, which produced superconducting alloys. Soon after, while still with Supercon, he formed Quaker Hill Development Corp., a real estate firm in California and Colorado.

Reed managed Ronald Reagan’s second successful campaign for governor of California and was a senior member of Richard Nixon’s re-election campaign.

In 1973, he was appointed assistant to Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, recruiting talent for the DOD and troubleshooting procurement issues. Soon after, he was named head of Telecommunications and Command and Control Systems for the Defense Department in 1974.

Nominated by Ford, Reed became the 11th Secretary of the Air Force on Jan. 2, 1976, and served in that role—in which he was also the director of the NRO—for 15 months, departing April 6, 1977, at the beginning of the Carter presidency.

As Secretary, Reed worked to keep the multinational F-16 program on track and deflected budgetary efforts to derail the F-15 and A-10 fighter programs. He said he saw much of his job as keeping programs alive during the budget austerity following the Vietnam War. During his tenure, the Air Force experimented with the first stealth aircraft.

Reed served as a member of the Defense Science Board from 1977 to 1983 and as a member of the Strategic Air Command’s scientific advisory group from 1981-1983.

With the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, Reed was appointed to the newly-created Commission on Strategic Forces, which recommended renewed investment in the strategic forces, to include the M-X—later “Peacekeeper”—missile and endorsed continuing the B-1 bomber program. Reagan also appointed Reed as his Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, but he resigned the post in March 1983 when he became the subject of an investigation into insider trading. He was found not guilty in a 1985 trial resulting from that investigation.

He returned to his business interests, developing a ski resort in Colorado and a successful winery in Sonoma, Calif., but continued in various national security advisory positions. In the 1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Reed played a role in returning nuclear weapons in Ukraine to Russia—a move that has sparked renewed debate after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

Reed was also a prolific and eclectic author.

In the early 2000s, Reed wrote “At the Abyss: An Insider’s History of the Cold War, which recounted his involvement with nuclear weapons at Livermore up through his advisory time at the Reagan White House. A second book, “The Nuclear Express: A Political History of the Bomb and its Proliferation,”co-authored with Danny Stillman, technical intelligence chief at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, contended that China deliberately spread nuclear weapons technology to third-world countries in the 1980s. Reed also wrote a spy thriller, released in 2012, titled “The Tehran Triangle,” about Iranian nuclear terrorism.