Jim McDivitt, USAF Fighter Pilot, Test Pilot, and Apollo Astronaut, dies at 93

Oct. 18, 2022 | By John A. Tirpak

Brig. Gen. James A. McDivitt, a fighter pilot in the Korean War and Air Force test pilot and astronaut in both the Gemini and Apollo program who later managed the Apollo lunar landing program and became a business executive, died Oct. 13 at the age of 93.

McDivitt’s 1969 Apollo 9 mission, the first test of all the vehicles and gear to be used in reaching the moon, paved the way for the Apollo 11 lunar landing four months later.

Born in Chicago, Ill. in 1929, McDivitt entered the Air Force as an aviation cadet in 1951 and earned his wings and commission a year later. He trained in the F-80 and in late 1952 was assigned to the Korean theater, where he flew 145 combat missions in the F-80 and F-86, twice receiving the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Returning to the U.S., McDivitt served at McGuire and Tyndall Air Force Bases as an interceptor pilot. In 1959, he was first in his class completing his undergraduate degree in aeronautical engineering through the University of Michigan and the Air Force Institute of Technology.

That same year, he applied to, and was accepted by, the Air Force test pilot school. He graduated from that course as well as the first class of the Aerospace Research Pilot School. He then worked on a number of developmental aircraft—including as a chase pilot on the X-15 program—and he was due to head the F-4 Phantom test program when in 1962 he was selected by NASA for the second group of astronauts.

McDivitt was assigned to command Gemini IV, the most ambitious U.S. spaceflight up to that point. He flew the four-day mission in 1966 with fellow astronaut Edward White; it was the first Gemini flight to be commanded by a space rookie. During the 66-orbit mission, White made the first spacewalk by an American, and the pair conducted a dozen other scientific and medical experiments, although an attempt to rendezvous with the Titan rocket’s spent upper stage did not succeed, due in part to NASA’s still nascent understanding or orbital rendezvous techniques. A computer failure forced McDivitt to improvise an unplanned and unrehearsed method of re-entry, all the while struggling with a stuck thruster, but the capsule made a safe landing just 50 miles from its target.

Three years later, McDivitt commanded the three-man Apollo 9—flying with lunar module pilot David Scott and command module pilot Russell Schweickart—which was the first space test of both the Apollo command/service module (CSM) and lunar landing vehicle, both together and separately.

The shakeout flight also marked the first transfer of crew from one spacecraft to another, and the second docking of two crewed spacecraft. McDivitt and Scott flew the lunar module 100 miles away from the CSM to test its handling and systems. Schweickart also tested the backpack to be worn on the moon, in a two-person spacewalk with Scott. McDivitt successfully re-docked with the CSM, jettisoned the lunar module as planned and made a safe return to earth.

The successful mission cleared the way for the Apollo 10 dress rehearsal of the moon landing in lunar orbit two months later, and the Apollo 11 landing just two months after that.

Although offered command of a later moon landing mission, McDivitt opted instead to become manager of lunar landing operations in the Apollo Spacecraft Office, and later head of the Apollo Spacecraft Program, responsible for planning Apollos 11-16 and overseeing a redesign of the lunar module to allow longer stays on the moon.

McDivitt stayed in the Air Force through his astronaut career, and was promoted to brigadier general in early 1972. A disagreement with NASA leaders on crew selection for Apollo 17 prompted McDivitt to resign from the program a few months later, however. He retired from NASA and the Air Force soon afterward, before the last Apollo moon mission at the end of that year.

Almost immediately, McDivitt took up the position of executive vice president of the Consumers Power Company in his home state of Michigan. Three years later, he joined the Pullman, Inc. railroad company as an executive vice president and director, and later that year became president of the Pullman Standard Division.

In 1981, McDivitt joined the Rockwell International aerospace company, as senior vice president for government operations and international. He worked at Rockwell for 14 years until his retirement in 1995.

Among his Air Force decorations, McDivitt received the Distinguished Service Medal, three awards of the Distinguished Flying Cross, four Air Medals and Air Force Astronaut wings. He also received the NASA Exceptional Service Medal. He was awarded honorary doctorates from Seton Hall University and Miami University of Ohio.

McDivitt was a member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the Tau Beta Pi engineering honors society, the Phi Kappa Phi honors society, and the Atlantic Council on Foreign Diplomacy. He logged more than 4,500 hours of flying time, with more than 3,500 in jet aircraft.

Astronaut James A. McDivitt, shown here in his official 1971 portrait, died Oct. 13, 2022. McDivitt commanded Gemini IV, the second crewed Gemini flight, and Apollo 9, which tested the first lunar module in Earth orbit. McDivitt joined the U.S. Air Force in 1951 and was selected to be an astronaut in 1962. As commander of Gemini IV in 1965, McDivitt stayed in the capsule while crewmate Ed White became the first American to walk in space. The 1969 flight of Apollo 9 was the first to test all the hardware needed to land astronauts on the Moon, including the lunar module. McDivitt was the Apollo program manager for the Apollo 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 missions. He left NASA in June 1972. NASA

TRANSCOM Unveils More Agile Strategy to Deter China, Defend Logistics

Oct. 17, 2022 | By Chris Gordon

The United States can longer assume its logistics are safe from harm and must develop a more agile approach to contend with China’s growing ability to disrupt American and allied shipping and airlift, the head of U.S. Transportation Command Gen. Jacqueline D. Van Ovost said Oct. 17.

“None of us want logistics to cause failure on the battlefield,” Van Ovost said. “We cannot do things the same way.”

Van Ovost presented the new plan for TRANSCOM in a speech to the National Defense Transportation Association in St. Louis. It reflects the new approach for dealing with future adversaries that will be soon be rolled out in the Pentagon’s new National Defense Strategy.

“The ability to generate and sustain operational momentum in compressed timelines, to more destinations, with a limited capacity will be an imperative,” Van Ovost said.

Van Ovost said the vastness of the Pacific and China’s long-range strike capabilities has prompted the new approach. In the 1991 Gulf War, the U.S. built up its forces for months before driving Iraqi troops out of Kuwait at a time of its choosing. In the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan in the 2000s, TRANSCOM could airlift massive amounts of troops and materiel without any interference.

In the new age of conflict, the enemy will get a vote on when and where U.S. forces operate, possibly risking their ability even to leave the homeland, Van Ovost said.

“Over 85 percent of the joint force is stationed in the United States, and our competitors are on a trajectory that will present persistent threats across multiple domains including throughout North America,” the TRANSCOM strategy reads. “If these threats are left unresolved, our power projection capability will be put at risk and will force us to “fight to get to the fight.’”

TRANSCOM has already been forced to adjust to rapidly changing events. During the U.S. withdrawal of Afghanistan in late summer of 2021, Air Mobility Command, part of TRANSCOM, evacuated over 100,000 people from the country with little notice and planning as part of Operation Allies Refuge. Since the renewed Russian invasion of Ukraine, TRANSCOM has delivered billions of dollars in U.S. military assistance to Europe, as well as U.S. forces, including the Army’s 82nd Airborne Division.

Those operations, while successful, exposed weaknesses in handling data that slowed the effort, according to Van Ovost.

“Change is hard,” she said.

TRANSCOM’s efforts in Europe and Afghanistan pale in comparison to the effort that might be required to support a U.S. military operation in the Pacific, such as a defense of Taiwan. In the future, and especially in the Pacific, TRANSCOM will need to anticipate threats before they arise.

Van Ovost wants to use commercial planes and ships more to fill gaps in the U.S. military’s fleet. In Europe, two-thirds of TRANSCOM’s airlifts of aid to Ukraine have been operated by contracted airlines, not military aircraft and crews. Part of TRANSCOM’s new strategy entails building the capability to operate more nimbly by employing commercial assets, drawing on increased overflight access, and using a wider array of seaports, railways, and airfields.

“We must expand and strengthen our global transportation networks to facilitate our ability to aggregate force packages to fight and then disaggregate to survive during brief periods of domain superiority,” states TRANSCOM’s strategy.

“We must adopt the mentality that challenge is not synonymous with impossible and contested is not the same as impenetrable,” Van Ovost said.

Security Forces Airman Gets Bronze Star with Valor for Fighting Off Terrorist Attack in Kenya

Oct. 17, 2022 | By Greg Hadley

An Air Force security forces squadron flight sergeant received the Bronze Star Medal with Valor on Oct. 12 in recognition of his heroism in defending against a terrorist ground attack in Kenya in 2020.

Tech. Sgt. Jordan Locke, now a member of the 51st Security Forces Squadron at Osan Air Base in South Korea, engaged in an hours-long fight with the terrorists as they attacked Cooperative Security Location-Manda Bay, according to an Air Force press release.

Holding his ground under fire, Locke helped to conduct overwatch security, which allowed other service members to continue the fight, the release added.

“That fight had lasted four to five hours, and within those four to five hours, we were fired upon multiple times,” Locke said in a statement. “Bullets were impacting right next to me.”

Al-Shabab terrorists launched the attack on Manda Bay on Jan. 5, 2020, killing a U.S. Soldier and two American contractors in the terrorist group’s first ever attack on a U.S. military base in Kenya. However, U.S. and Kenyan forces were able to repel the terrorists and secure the base.

In the aftermath of the attack, service members were “so mentally and physically exhausted,” Locke said, leading him to check on his teammates.

“There’s a huge difference between saying, ‘Are you OK?’ and actually sitting down and having that conversation with them to make sure that they’re OK and to see if there’s anything that I can do on my end to help them,” Locke said.

Locke is just the latest of several Airmen to earn decorations for their actions during the attack. Master Sgt. Mathue B. Snow, now at Robins Air Force Base, Ga., was recognized with a Bronze Star medal earlier this month, and Senior Master Sgt. Jeremy D. Mapalo received a Bronze Star with Valor in August. Both Snow and Mapalo are also security forces Airmen.

Staff Sgt. Colleen F. Mitchell, an aerospace medical technician, was recognized as one of the Air Force’s 12 Outstanding Airmen of the Year in 2021 for her actions during the attack. She helped establish a casualty collection point and activated and led a team of four augmented medical personnel to provide immediate triage and assessment; and provided emergent prolonged field care for more than 16 hours.

Three Kenyan service members were also recognized by U.S. Africa Command and given U.S. Joint Service Commendation Medals.

According to the Air Force, roughly three percent of Bronze Star medals are awarded with valor—given when the service member is in direct combat and demonstrates heroism “above what is normally expected while engaged in direct combat with an enemy of the United States, or an opposing foreign or armed force, with exposure to enemy hostilities and personal risk.”

Image of New B-52 Cockpit Shows a Cleaner Layout

Oct. 17, 2022 | By John A. Tirpak

A new Boeing image shows the B-52 cockpit will take on a cleaner, more streamlined appearance after the bomber completes a program of some of the most substantive changes in its 60-year history.

The image is still considered notional but will likely be close to the final version of how the BUFF’s “front office” will look, starting in the middle of this decade.

The digital image, released by Boeing to Air & Space Forces Magazine, shows a layout with many new “glass cockpit” color displays, but retaining some of the “steam gauges” and analog-style displays from the B-52H’s six decades of service.

Dominating the dashboard will be four large color multifunction displays which will present a variety of flight status information, as well as imagery from the B-52’s new radar system—derived from the F/A-18’s AN/APG-79 radar—as well as presentations of the new B-52 datalink and imagery from Sniper or Litening optical/infrared targeting pods.

The displays may also play a role in employment of the B-52’s new hypersonic weapons—the bomber will be the initial platform for the AGM-183 Air-launched Rapid Response Weapon, or ARRW—as well as its new nuclear weapon, the Long-Range Stand-Off missile, or LRSO.

The center console will also feature an updated throttle station, to control the B-52’s eight new Rolls Royce F130 engines, which will be digitally managed.

A Boeing statement accompanying the image said it shows off “new 8 x 10 digital displays, hybrid mechanical-to-digital throttle system, new data concentrators units (2x), new engine fault maintenance recorder, new engine air data system (and) modified system panels, as well as structural, electrical, pneumatic and hydraulic updates associated with this modernization effort.”

The Air Force opted to change out the B-52’s eight Pratt & Whitney TF-33 powerplants with eight new engine—rather than consolidate to four larger turbofans—for a variety of reasons, most having to do with the limited takeoff clearance of larger-diameter engines; the need for a more radical redesign of the engine/wing/pylon interface and a desire for simplicity in the conversion, and to avoid risk that could delay or derail the program. Continuing with eight engines is also expected to make for an easier transition of B-52 pilots to the upgraded aircraft.

Air Force officials have said they are contemplating re-naming the B-52H the B-52I or B-52J after it receives new radars and engines, because the aircraft will be substantially different enough after the upgrades to warrant a new designator and to keep clearer records of maintenance and pilot hours.

Boeing is the integrator for the various upgrades being installed on the B-52, and will perform much of the internal reconfiguration of control systems and wiring on the initial B-52s at its San Antonio, Texas facilities. Later work will be done at the B-52 depot at the Oklahoma Air Logistics Complex in Oklahoma City.

Roper, Former Joint Chiefs Chair Join Defense Innovation Board for First Meeting in Two Years

Oct. 17, 2022 | By Greg Hadley

Former Air Force acquisition czar Will Roper, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Adm. Michael Mullen, and Silicon Valley billionaire Reid Hoffman were among the seven new members of the Defense Innovation Board introduced Oct. 17, as the influential civilian advisory board held its first meeting under new chair Michael R. Bloomberg.

The DIB, composed of academics, technologists, and others experts, consults with the Secretary of Defense and offers recommendations on how the Pentagon can become more innovative and technology-friendly.

The Oct. 17 meeting, held mostly behind closed doors, marks the board’s first gathering in more than two years. Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III temporarily halted the work of more than 40 civilian advisory boards and their subcommittees in January 2021, before approving the DIB and several others to resume this past February.

At the same time, Austin announced his pick of Bloomberg, media magnate and former mayor of New York City, as the new chair.

In public remarks after the first meeting, Bloomberg emphasized the need for the board to push the Defense Department to keep rapidly experimenting.

“Innovation isn’t only about science and technology. Innovation starts with people. And it requires building an organizational culture that can develop new ideas, take a few big swings, live with the inevitable misses, and then scale up the ideas that show the most promise,” Bloomberg said. “Fostering that kind of culture is where we can play a helpful role, and we are building from a very strong foundation.”

The seven new members of the board introduced include:

William Roper Jr., distinguished professor at Georgia Tech, senior adviser at McKinsey and Company, and former assistant secretary of the Air Force for acquisition, technology, and logistics.
Reid Hoffman, co-founder of LinkedIn, co-founder of Inflection AI, and partner at Greylock.
Adm. Michael Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Chief of Naval Operations
Gilda Barabino, president at Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering.
Susan Gordon, Board of Directors member at CACI International, Avantus Federal, MITRE, and BlackSky.
Ryan Swann, chief data analytics officer at Vanguard.
William “Mac” Thornberry, former Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee and member of Board of Directors at CAE.

Roper’s return to the Pentagon comes roughly 20 months after his tenure as the Air Force’s top acquisition official ended. Within the department, he earned a reputation as an innovator eager to push boundaries and pursue cutting-edge technology. Since he left, he had a brief tenure as CEO of drone-maker Volansi and has advised or joined the boards of several other startups.

Having experience inside and out of the Pentagon, Roper said he is hopeful “to try to bring both of those worlds together on the Defense Innovation Board.”

“I certainly know how challenging innovation is inside of the Pentagon and the services, so I plan to treat every recommendation as if I had to implement it myself,” Roper added. “And hopefully we’ll be able to help move the ball forward for those who are serving right now in government.”

In reconvening the board, Austin asked officials to look at two issues in particular, according to Bloomberg—the Pentagon’s relationship with investment capital, and input for the department’s National Defense Science and Technology Strategy.

Roper highlighted that first area as a particularly important issue and a way for the Pentagon to establish new ties with industry.

“I see huge potential for innovation in the private sector,” Roper said. “It’s a way that we can help counterbalance the consolidation that we’ve had in the defense industrial base—not the fault of those companies, it’s the way we’ve done business that’s forced that consolidation. Allowing companies that are a little bit of .com, a little bit of a .gov, be able to work successfully in national security on their path towards commercial success, global success, can be a winning formula for the U.S.”

Such an approach would also be beneficial to the Pentagon, Gordon added, as the two have become increasingly linked.

“Right now we have a much clearer picture that there is a shared value proposition between the department and private sector,” said Gordon, the former principal deputy director of National Intelligence. “We don’t totally know how to prosecute it yet. But I don’t think it’s ever been clearer that their fates are tied together, that … the national security decision-makers, the department depends on the energy in that sector.

Roper agreed, but also noted that the Pentagon should look to be strategic in its own investments and avoid duplicating efforts in the private sector.

“Not everything needs to be a huge priority, because the private sector is going to move a lot of technology along—and shame on this building if it doesn’t leverage it—but it’s not going to move everything along at the pace that the warfighters will need,” Roper said. “So I think it’ll be different today than it would have been, say, 15 years ago doing this. So there will have to be a proper dissection of what technology will be moved because of private investment for commercial means that can be leveraged, and this building needs to be a fast adopter of it, and then what technologies will not be, and this building needs to be the investor and the accelerator itself. And if it gets that right, it gets the best of both worlds.”

Watch, Read: Gen. Lance Lord (Ret.) on ‘The Spirit of Space Power’

Oct. 16, 2022

Retired Gen. Lance Lord delivered a keynote speech on “The Spirit of Space Power,” Sept. 20, 2022, at AFA’s Air, Space & Cyber Conference. Watch the video or read the transcript below. This transcript is made possible by the sponsorship of JobsOhio.

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Voiceover:

Airman and guardians. Ladies and gentlemen, please welcome the 14th Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force. AFA Chairman of the board, Gerald Murray.

Gerald Murray:

Good Morning. Good morning everyone. Well, we certainly got off to a great start yesterday. What a great day. I certainly hope you felt the same way. And then to be able to see so many of you down in the exhibit area with our industry partners there in the evening. And of course, I hope your evening was great as well for those of us that attended and celebrated the 12 Outstanding Airmen of the Year last night. It was really, really a special evening and with just the great Airmen that represent our United States Air Force.

Well, thank you again for being with us today. And as I said yesterday, space is now our middle name. But the Air and Space Forces Association has always been committed to the power of air and space and has always seen them as intimately connected. We begin today with an inspirational message from a giant of Air Force space history. Over 37 years of… Over his 37 year career, he held numerous positions including leadership at the Air University and as commander of the Air Force Space Command. Ladies and gentlemen, it is indeed my honor this morning to introduce to you and bring forward General Lance Lord. General Lord, please.

General Lord:

Good morning.

Audience:

Morning.

General Lord:

Let’s hear a little audience participation here, not precipitation. I’m from Colorado. We need precipitation. Okay, good morning.

Audience:

Morning.

General Lord:

Okay, the clock started here and CSO, I’ve got 10 minutes to do my warmup for you, so hopefully you’ll support that. And Molly and I know the chief and Jim Brown as well as Secretary. Thank you and to all for being here today and thanks to the Air Force and Space Forces Association, I think that’s a tremendous thing. So I want to talk just a couple minutes about the art of space, but in a way that you probably wouldn’t predict, which is kind of like the way I like to do business. It’d be a little unpredictable, but stay on message throughout that. And Mr. Secretary, I’ve read the reports from your statements, etc. over the last couple days. You’ve got a lot of issues that’s on your plate, I know.

And hopefully as we move in the days ahead, we’ll be able to help you solve some of those and even get better as part of the process. But true to my space background in the launch business, I mean, I’m not a rocket scientist, that’s for sure, but I do know a lot about the rocket business. So what we’ve got today is really what we call in the rocket business a hypergolic situation. Take energetic fuel, energetic oxidizer, you mix them together in the combustion chamber and what do you get? You get an explosion. And a real effort is to manage that explosion in a way that it goes out the right side of the rocket, then the rocket escapes gravity. It’s tough to do that, but with enough thrust you can fly anything. You even fly this building with enough thrust, but you know, you might not know where it going without some kind of guidance set, but that’ll be good.

But with that in mind, in a hypergolic situation, the hypergolic situation we find ourselves in right now, and you all do, is you got a retired general officer and an audience. That’s hypergolic. So I’ll do my best to manage that explosion that we can move on from there. But when you talk about the art of space, how could we define that? It’s not the what, because I know what you all are. What I really want to know is who you are, who you are as you’re part of the Air and Space Forces moving forward. So let’s focus on that for a minute.

Now I have, and I’ve tried to instruct my two sons and their brides and our five grandchildren by the way, as we get together on the East Coast to celebrate our oldest son’s 50th birthday, we’ve got the family together and with five grandchildren and all the adults, you got all this variety that it’s created. You got gluten free, you got dairy free, you got all these things. Trying to find a restaurant that will handle all this variation is really difficult. The only thing that, when we sit down for dinner for this big birthday dinner that everybody would agree on was guess what? Who gets to pay? Yeah.

But the variation of the kinds of things that people bring to this business as we talk about the who of the art of space is really important. My oldest granddaughter, Abby Lord. High School senior. Allstate basketball player. I posed the question to Abby. I said, Abby, who are you? She said, Well, Oppa, it depends. And I said, Okay, let me ask the question again. Who are you, Abby? She says, Well, if you’re recruiting me to play basketball, I’m six feet tall, but if you want to date, I’m 5’10. So, that girl’s going to go a long way. But remember the variation of that. So the who of what we are, who are you? We’re all here because in deference to Warren Buffet, the Oracle of Omaha who said, The only way to make money is to learn how to say no, we’re all here because we said yes.

And you want to say yes as you look at the possibilities of what we can do with this organization and what we can do with the Air and Space Forces as we move forward. We’re all here because we said yes, not because we said no, we said yes, whether we’re an Airman or a Guardian, we said we want to be part of this. We took an oath, oath of enlistment or an officer oath, but that separates us from every other business you can be involved in and in the civilians in the community who also provide the industry and the push to help the secretary and the chiefs get things done that we need to. They took an oath too really, to do the best they could to bring forth the products and services that support this business. So the who of this business is you. Every one of us are part of the who.

So who are you? How much do you know about what we need to do? How are you improving yourself to make sure that you can contribute to the art of space? Now how do we, that’s point number one and true to my academic background in the last four minutes and 32 seconds, I better hurry up here. Three main points. We talked about the who. Now we got to talk about the framework for making the who work. And lastly, we got to talk about what are the next steps and how do we launch forward? Well, I would argue, and I know you’ve all heard this from many times, is the technological imperative that kind of drove the Air Force and the who’s of those days were able to take that and exploit it. Well that kind of framework is how we all grew up and that framework is good for us in the future.

Let me run right back to base basketball for a minute. Abby would permit me to say this, but you know the great basketball coaches and the strategists of the time, Tex Winter who used to support Phil Jackson when he was a coach of the Lakers, the guy that sat next to him and when Michael Jordan was playing, his really commitment was to develop what’s called the triangle offense. And I saw him in Los Angeles and I said, Coach Winter, I really wanted to compliment you on your strategy. He says General, it’s a good strategy, but you know what, it only works if you run it.

So remember the framework we’re in. The total force framework that we developed in the Air Force, Guard Reserve, active duty, civilians, the community of industrial professionals as well as the civilian component makes things really work together. And there’s no reason why that can’t continue to move forward in the future as we talk about how we’re going to make the next steps as a Air and Space Force and leading to really taking advantage of the capabilities we have as Air Force and Space Force together.

So don’t abandon that framework, continue to work inside that operation and then move on to what are the next steps. How do we really operationalize that? As I said, having the strategy is only good if you follow it and you have to adapt along the way. There’s no doubt about it. But I know the CSO and also, the Chief of Staff, the Air Force have adapted that kind of framework. And Mr. Secretary, I’d commit to you that that’s going to be the help that you need to solve the joint all domain command and control issue, which you spoke about yesterday. And those are thorny issues for sure. And how you integrate across that, those domains and make sure we take advantage of that. Those are tough problems, but I think we can stand up to that. We need to understand, and I’m sure John Jumper who’s talked yesterday, if he didn’t say it, I would be embarrassed because he drilled it into my head.

You got to have a concept of operations that you follow in this business. So the framework we operate in, the total force, bringing the best technology together is going to pay off for us. So the steps forward are really to take a look at how do we harness all this intellectual capital, the people, the great people that we have, the who’s who make the spirit of space work every day. How do we move forward? Well, I encourage you to read a couple books if you haven’t already, by Neil deGrasse Tyson, Dr, the Hayden Planetarium. I know General Raymond spent time with him. I really think he’s one of the brightest minds to talk about. How astrophysics fits with what we’re doing in the military. And then understand that there are several books that you should read. One of them is Astrophysics for People in a Hurry.

That’s important to understand. The other is Letters from an Astrophysicist because he gets letters all the time from young people especially saying, well, one of them was why did you cut Pluto out of the Lineage of Planets. You know, kids in school learn the planets from in order from the Earth to outwards Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. And now no Pluto. He said, I’ve got rafts of letters from angry third graders. Why’d you take Pluto out of the thing? But the relationship is really, really important to think about. We’ve got one more from Dr. Tyson we’ll talk about, but one I want you to think about too, if you can find a copy of this by Stafford Beer called Platforms and Change. It’s about how organizations adapt and run and are able to operate in uncertain and unpredictable times. This is goes way back, it’s a cybernetic view of an organization input, output process in the middle and the feedback.

Why do organizations react to how they do that? And sir, Mr. Secretary, I know that that’s going to be part of the solution set for what’s going to happen in JADC2 is really how do we work these organizational issues together? I know that that’s something will be important. So do that. Who? You’re the who. We know where we’ve been, now, where we’re going is our ability to kind of harness our understanding, be able to maximize the operation utility of space as General Raymond and I know General Sussmann’s had his hearing and I think that went well. And I know our friend Tammy Cotton is going to be the strategic commander as well. All out of that same mold of people who think about the future in exciting and interesting ways and taking care of the people in the process. The framework we have treats everybody with dignity and respect.

And remember, we can’t do anything as we move forward without that hallmark of the issue. It’s going to be tough, it’s going to be hard, it’s going to be things we need to do. And the red light’s on. So I give you four stanzas from my favorite poem, Invictus by William Ernest Henley, British author, and mid 18 hundreds. The last four lines are important: “No matter how straight the gate are charged with punishment to stroll, I am the master of my fate. I am the captain of my soul.” You got it. We got it. We got to do it. So I’m proud that you’ll do that and I look forward to hearing from General Raymond. Thank you very much.

Gerald Murray:

General. Wow, General Lord, sir we can’t thank you enough. And I just took the opportunity to be able to thank General Lord by handing the 75th anniversary commemorative coin. But sir, we have a little something else to be able to add to that. And so I want to thank General Raymond for joining me on stage. And gentlemen, if we might and if General Lord, if you’ll take center stage between General Raymond and me.

Voiceover:

AFA Lifetime Achievement Award. General Lance W Lord was commander of Air Force Space Command from 2002 to 2006, at which time he retired. He was responsible for the development, acquisition, and operation of the Air Force’s Space and Missile Systems. He oversaw a global network of satellite command and control communications, missile warning and ICBM launch facilities, and ensured the combat readiness of America’s entire intercontinental ballistic missile force. The General held senior positions at the wing and numbered Air Force levels, as well as serving as the commander of Air University. General Lord is the chairman and Chief Executive Officer of L2 Aerospace. Prior to this, Lord served as Chief Executive Officer of Astrotech Space Operations, where he led the execution of expanding core services from spacecraft processing support to a comprehensive line of end to end mission assurance services. He also serves as the Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors for Boneal Aerospace, a role he has held since 2015. The Air and Space Forces Association proudly presents a lifetime achievement award to General Lance W Lord.

General Lord:

Thank you very much. I certainly appreciate this. Real quick story about when I was first commander of Air Force Base Command in 2002, I came to the Air Force Association meeting and they had a big sign says, Check your membership status. So I got in line, I got all the way up to the front and I said, I’m Lance Lord, could you tell me when my membership expires? And they went through the roster, they got to the L’s and they said, Well General Lord, you’re a lifetime member. And I said, I just want to know if you know something I don’t. And now I know you do. So thank you very much.

Watch, Read: Gen. John P. Jumper (Ret.) on ‘The Spirit of Air Power’

Oct. 16, 2022

Retired Gen. John P. Jumper delivered a keynote speech on “The Spirit of Air Power,” Sept. 19, 2022, at AFA’s Air, Space & Cyber Conference. Watch the video or read the transcript below. This transcript is made possible by the sponsorship of JobsOhio.

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Gerald Murray:

Ladies and gentlemen, we are off to a great start this morning. One of the things that we wanted to do at this conference was celebrate our heritage and the spirit of air power. When I think about that spirit of air power I can’t help thinking about my old boss, the 17th Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General John P. Jumper. Ladies and gentlemen, I had the opportunity over the past month to take and spend time with boss again as we completed what we called a legacy tour across eight bases of air and our space bases across our nation.

How good to be back with him to hear the stories and many others that we were with. Boss, thank you. Thank you for being here. It is an absolute honor. Ladies and gentlemen, the 17th Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General John Jumper.

Gen. John P. Jumper (Ret.):

Thank you, Chief Murray, my wingman, and thank you Secretary Kendall, Chief of Staff of the Air Force number 22, C. Q. Brown, Chief of Space Operations number one, Jay Raymond, our manage comm commanders and senior enlisted leadership joining us today. And thank you, AFA, for the honor of addressing this generation of Airmen and Guardians about the past, the present and the future as we celebrate this 75th anniversary of the United States Air Force.

I have the right to claim some expertise here, because some of us here in this room were alive at the birth of the Air Force. I was only two years old at the time, so nobody cared much about what I had to say, but my dad was a World War II fighter pilot and his career in the Air Force was shared with the pioneers of air and space power. These pioneers used to hang around my house. I met Robin Olds when I was in kindergarten. I met Chuck Yeager when I was 12 years old, and the Mercury Seven astronauts lived on my street at Langley Air Force Base in the early ’60s. I was 16 years old.

Later, as an instructor and commander at Nellis Air Force Base we hosted the Tuskegee Airmen, the Flying Tigers and members of the Doolittle Raiders, and listened to these humble heroes tell stories of unbelievable courage and selfless call to duty. That’s when I learned that the spirit of these Airmen, these heroes who helped save the world in World War II, the real spirit of air power is not merely seeking the thrill of higher, faster, farther. They were possessed with that warrior spirit thrust into the souls of those who simply would not allow our nation to lose.

These heroes of that era are mostly gone now, their duty done, their commitment fulfilled. But that warrior spirit must live on in us, the Airmen and Guardians assembled here and on guard around the world today.

For decades our Air Force has been deployed around the world and fought against persistent terrorist threats. That fight continues. Our withdrawal from Afghanistan does not mean that we can excuse ourselves from the battle against terrorism, against an enemy that is as committed as ever before to our destruction. That fight continues.

Our present and future are now complicated by the return of peer adversaries eager and ready to compete for primacy on the global stage. China speaks of the demise of the United States and our form of government. They mock our internal strife, our democracy and our national values. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine was largely based on assumptions of America’s weakness and lack of commitment.

So how do we address these future Airmen and Guardians? How do we address these issues? Do we still possess that warrior spirit that has always leveraged aerospace and cyber power to reassure the American people who depend on our courage, our commitment, our integrity?

Our secretary, Mr. Frank Kendall, and our Chief of Staff, General C. Q. Brown have given directions for all of us to follow into the future, clear instructions that we must accelerate change or lose, a focused list of seven operational imperatives; not operational initiatives, not operational suggestions, not seven tasks to be abandoned because they’re hard to do, but imperatives as we as an Air Force, a space force, and a nation require to compete with the real world that confronts us.

We’ve also heard General Jay Raymond, our Chief of Space Operations, state his imperative that space capabilities must be operationalized and delivered at the speed of relevance rather than the speed of committee, or the speed of over-classification, or the speed of typing. The speed of relevance should be much closer to the speed of light.

Can we do these things? Yes, we can. Over the past few weeks I’ve been on the road with several others of the older generation of Airmen. We’ve been on a tour of air and space force bases called the legends’ tour. If you’re old you get to be called a legend, by the way.

My fellow legends were General Dick Myers, General John Hyten, General Fig Newton, General Lorie Robinson, General Larry Spencer, General Suzanne Vautrinot, former Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Jim Finch, and my wing man, Gerald Murray, and Chief Master Sergeant Gerardo Tapia.

We visited several thousand Airmen and Guardians and we saw them working on acceleration and doing their part pursuing the seven imperatives. We saw space warriors on the front range of Colorado who are operationalizing space and creating that speed of relevance, information flow to warriors on the surface and in the air.

Progress is being made and momentum is building, but there is more to do. Emerging doctrine for the employment of aerospace and cyber power will require proficiency and disbursed base operations, and the ability to deploy, set up, sustain operations, and rapid relocate as threats emerge. This is a degree of operational agility that exceeds any previous demands on Air Force expeditionary proficiency.

Pre-deployment preparation, base security inside and outside the fence, sortie generation, engineering skills to build, sustain, tear down and relocate, other essential capabilities like ground based air defense, combat medicine, new concepts of combat search and rescue, new ways to think about tactical airlift, rapid staging of command and control, cyber and space links, and importantly the training of a new generation of installation commanders who think, train and exercise disbursed base operations every day, these are our tasks.

Many needed changes are already underway. Technologies to improve our standoff and precision are constantly improving. Accelerating the kill chain is embedded in the operational imperatives. On the ground or battlefield Airmen in units like the 820, our Security Forces Squadron, our contingency response groups, and work being done by Special Operations all address the tough issues of expeditionary warfare, but they must scale to deliver the combat power necessary to deter and engage a large, well equipped enemy.

Air combat commands, agile combat employment operational concepts, along with the Air Force’s fourth generation concept, shows us the emerging organizations and Force presentation, but the execution of these concepts are in the hands of the Airmen, Guardians and cyber warriors who know how to train for these needs, who know how training needs to be adjusted and what new and modified equipment is needed to deliver these capabilities at scale.

Airmen and Guardians on staff, who are just as much warriors as the people in the field, must work to realign resources and policies to rapidly facilitate leadership’s directions and enable those in the field who have heard the chief and the secretary to strive to comply with their directions. As in every generation, when we place the concept in the hands of our Airmen they will make it better than the concept developers ever imagined. I’m thankful to General Kelly, General Manahan, our manage comm commanders. They get it, and they’re doing the work that the nation needs.

What I’ve seen at our bases during the legend tour has reminded me of every generation of Airmen during my nearly 40 years of service and beyond. The questions that we were asked by our Airmen were not self-serving questions, but about the mission, about how to make things better. We have always lived with frustrations that divert our attention away from the mission, but there has never been a greater need for our Airmen and Guardians to facilitate that accelerated change that General Brown has directed.

If any one of you in uniform doubt the importance of what you are doing listen to this ancient Airman when I tell you that there is nothing more important you could be doing with your life than you are doing for your country today. You are fulfilling the greatest, the least recognized ingredient of human satisfaction, and that is that you are a part of something bigger than yourself. When you look back on your life you will see that it will be hard to match the contributions that you are making now to the greater good of our nation.

As we set about to reinvent ourselves we do so with obstacles. It’s hard to accelerate change as we live through a decade of budget disruption and continuing resolutions and the uncertainty of the threats of government shutdown. The reality of our disruptive and dangerous world demands that the United States remain the beacon of hope and justice, and we rank our ability to deter the fight above the partisan political divides that diverts the nation’s focus and masks the reality of external dangers.

We need and are thankful for focused support from our elected representatives who equip our warriors with the tools they need to fight and win. As we celebrate our 75th anniversary there’s no better symbol to demonstrate that than this star I wear on my lapel today. The star was given to me by General Russ Dougherty, the former Commander of the Strategic Air Command and former President of the Air Force Association.

The star was given to General Dougherty by General Ira Eaker, who is the architect of the bomber offensive in World War II. The star was given to General Eaker by General Hap Arnold, the Air Force’s only five star general in World War II and the leader most responsible for the creation of the modern Air Force. On this coming November 6th I will pin this star on my daughter, Catherine, who will become the third generation of general officer in the Jumper family.

Another big anniversary on the horizon is the 250th anniversary of our nation. We should take time to reflect on our own history and we should celebrate our form of government that through the centuries has always been self-correcting, even as we endured crises, political, financial and social, more severe than we are experiencing today.

As Airmen and Guardians, we took an oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic. We did not swear to a ruler or political party, but to our Constitution and to the rule of law. By virtue of this common oath we wear the uniform we wear, we dedicate ourselves to our mission and our fellow Airmen and Guardians. All these things we know are part of something bigger than ourselves and essential for us to sustain our way of life and the security of our families and fellow Americans.

The spirit of air and space power is bound in the hearts of the warrior. It is the spirit of the nation, the spirit of air power, the spirit of the warrior, the spirit of the nation, the spirit of America. I leave you with the warriors that I think of often when I recall my days at Nellis Air Force Base, with huge numbers of airplanes in the sky ready against one another and the aggressors start inbound and the mission leader pushes the mic button and utters the words, “Fight’s on. Fight’s on.” Thank you.

Watch, Read: ‘Unlocking the Power of Digital Engineering’

Oct. 16, 2022

Retired Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider moderated a discussion on “Unlocking the Power of Digital Engineering” with retired Brig. Gen. Steve J. Bleymaier of Aerospace and Defense, Ansys; Scott Nowlin of BAE Systems; and Dave Stagney of Pratt & Whitney, Sept. 21, 2022, at AFA’s Air, Space & Cyber Conference. Watch the video or read the transcript below. This transcript is made possible by the sponsorship of JobsOhio.

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Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

I hope everybody’s doing well this morning, day three of this amazing conference. Well welcome to the Unlocking the Power of Digital Engineering panel. I was just saying to General Richardson, thank you for joining us this morning, sir. This is going to be an enthralling dialogue on this topic, and I know we’ve got a lot of folks out there that are doing some amazing things in the digital engineering space. And our panelists here are going to talk to you about some really cool things that are happening in their world that I think we can all take advantage of. So I’m Kim Crider and it’s my pleasure to be your panel host today. As I said, I see lots of familiar faces out there, so thank you, friends, for being here for what I am sure is going to be a rich panel discussion.

As many of you know, I retired last year in June and prior to my retirement, I was the Chief Technology Innovation Officer for the United States Space Force. These days, I’m involved in a number of exciting projects with a variety of organizations, including Catalyst Campus for Technology and Innovation, I see Robin out there, as well as my role as the Executive Chair for AI Innovation for National Security and Defense at Deloitte, where we’re advancing digital engineering and immersive simulation capabilities to optimize the design, development, production, manufacturing, launch, operation and sustainment of national security and civil space capabilities. So let me take a moment and let each of our panel members introduce themselves to you. We’ll start with you, Steve.

Brig. Gen. Steve J. Bleymaier (Ret.):

Thank you, General Crider. So I’m Steve Bleymaier. I retired from the Air Force three years ago and joined Ansys two and a half years ago. And Ansys is an engineering simulation company. And I am not an engineer, so I think I’m here to be the translator for all the non-engineers that are in the audience. I was in the sustainment side of the Air Force. So I want to start with why? So in two minutes, basically digital engineering is about accelerating acquisition and going faster and decreasing lifecycle costs. In 2018, the NDS said that we need to move towards becoming a more lethal force. I haven’t read the 2022 NDS yet because it’s classified. But to increase lethality, you must accelerate acquisition, you must reduce costs, you must reduce risk and you must increase readiness, reliability and availability. In May of last year, SAF/AQ sent out a memo saying digital acquisition holds the key to unleashing the speed and agility we need to field capability at the tempo required to win a future conflict with a pure competitor.

Our pure competitor, China, increased its military budget 900% between 1990 and 2017 and they have 2030 goals for AI and ML, and to be the dominant power. And they are nationally mobilized and they are moving out towards achieving their goals and objectives. And they don’t have the barriers that we have. So that should give us a sense of urgency. The burning platform is China. Just ask [inaudible 00:03:34]. But even knowing that, knowing about China, there still seems to not be the sense of urgency there should be with accelerating and adopting digital engineering. Christian Brose, the author, says that the only way to deter war is to clearly be capable of winning a war. Two years ago, he wrote The Kill Chain and in The Kill Chain, you basically want to gain a better understanding so that you can make better decisions and produce better actions to achieve objectives. But as one war fighter said, none of my things can talk to each other, hence the need for JADC2.

And Christian Brose said that the root cause of the problem that the things couldn’t talk to each other was that available technology was not available to the military, or is not available to the military. So in business, we have to change or become obsolete. And the classic example is Netflix. General Brown says accelerate change or lose and Christian Brose said that we have to reimagine the ends, ways and means of war. General Richardson yesterday said that he’s focused on the ways and changing those ways. Well digital engineering technology is available today, but it’s not necessarily available to the military writ large. Now, there’s silos that are mainly the classified where they have it, but not the masses. So I like to say not only do we need to unlock digital engineering, but we need to unleash it. We need to unlock it and get it into the hands of the military. And then once you have it, you need to unleash it like that husky that wants off the leash.

Otherwise, you’re not going to experience the power and the full value and its ability to accelerate acquisition across the lifecycle. So with thinking about China again, it’s time for us to move out. And as we like to say in the engineering simulation world, take a leap of certainty. I know that was longer than two minutes.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

That’s okay. No, you’ve put it out there, Steve. Thank you so much. Go ahead, Scott.

Dr. Scott Nowlin:

Yeah. Hi, I’m Scotty Nowlin from BAE Systems, retired five years ago after a career as a developmental engineer doing flight test engineering, some time teaching at the academy, some time doing systems engineering, mechanical engineering. Digital engineering is a reality today. It’ll ought to be a reality for all of you no matter what your function is, right? Financial functions, operation support, maintenance, you all deserve to benefit from systems engineering or from digital engineering and systems engineering. We’ve been doing it for five years, so I’m blessed to be working with about 800 people at Hill Air Force base on the ICBM integration support contract.

We’re a prime on that with a number of great subcontractors. We’re partnered with great companies like Ansys to bring modeling and architecture and linking it from original requirements, linking it along a digital thread, I hope you don’t get bored by all the buzzwords today, linking it along a digital thread, two modeling and simulation tools, two supply chain and sustainment issues. And we’ll get into more of that with some of the Q@A we’re going to be involved in. So I want to thank the AFA for being here and thank all the service members who are here and all those who support the military. Thanks for this opportunity.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

Thank you, Scott. Amanda.

Amanda Brown:

Hi, my name is Amanda Brown. I’m the Director of Digital Transformation for a Sixth-Gen Fighter program at Pratt & Whitney. My role covers the digital and agile transformation that all of our military development programs need to make in order to successfully deliver our customers’ requirements. I have a bachelor’s in mechanical engineering, so don’t hold it against us. I have a PE license, an MBA and 25 years at Pratt & Whitney. So I’m coming from a position of… Well if you were to examine my career, you would find a very processed slant to everything that I’ve done. I’ve been a mechanical design engineer on parts, module integration, working at the system level with our class one engineering, change process, configuration management, things like that.

But every role I’ve had, I’ve been inordinately bothered by inefficiency. And heaven forbid, you ask me to type the same information into two fields, I just get irate because I find it so annoying. So it has made me particularly responsive to this current role. I’ve spent the last five years working in model-based and digital transformation areas and I am so excited to see our industry, our customers, our competitors, all responding to this need to change not only what we do, but how we do it. Not only the products that we make, but the processes we use to make those products. So I am very pleased to be here today and I look forward to our chat.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

Wonderful. Well thank you so much. Steve, you really laid it out there. We’ve got to unlock it and we got to unleash it. So we’re going to get into that right away. I think this panel is ready to just get after it. And I want to start with Scott. We’re going to start with you in the middle there, Scott. So you guys, each of you, I think have some really great stories that you can share about where digital engineering is successful and how it’s working in your organizations in industry and in the government. And Scott, as you mentioned, the role that you’re playing at BAE right now is directly contributing to some of our programs there at Ogden. So help us understand, Scott, from a DOD perspective, where is digital engineering really happening? And what results are you seeing that are being delivered by applying digital engineering?

Dr. Scott Nowlin:

So first some terminology. I would encourage everybody to dig out the 2018 digital engineering strategy for a good summary of what the heck we’re talking about when we use that buzzword digital engineering, I appreciate General Richardson coming up with some more specific terminology like digital material management. We’re living digital acquisition with the Sentinel program, previously the GBSD program. I’ve got lots of specific scar tissue with watching that program mature from milestone A to milestone B. And now, we’re living the dream with digital sustainment with Minuteman 3, a 50-year-old weapon system that is going digital where and when it makes sense. So my first hand knowledge is with this breadth of experience along the lifecycle, right? So the left hand side there, we’re dealing with turning paper requirements into government reference architectures that are then put on contract with primes, all the way down to our right side where bills of materials are driven by PLMs, product lifecycle management tools.

I know it’s happening in other places, I see it. I come to venues like this and I see it with industry booths and I hear about it from the stage from senior leaders. And so without knowing all those specifics, I would just encourage folks read that strategy, see where you’re already using those digital capabilities and then look for ways to integrate because the real power of this nebulous thing called digital engineering and the digital tools that you’re using and the digital data that you’re accessing from your seat as a financial analyst, from your seat as an operational planner, from your seat as a maintenance troop out on the flight line is to link that with the other data that’s out there. So I won’t try to give a whole lot of other examples. I know that Pratt & Whitney’s all in though with digital models of very complex systems like air breathing turbine engines. So lots of examples out there and I would just encourage everybody to look for those in your own workplace and integrate with them.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

Thank you. All right, well let’s hear about some of those examples on the industry sides. Scott laid out some things that are happening in the Sentinel program and the ways in which we’re implementing these capabilities for success. But industry’s been ahead of this for some time and I know Pratt & Whitney’s been doing some really great things. So Amanda, help us understand how has digital engineering been applied in industry? What results have you seen?

Amanda Brown:

Yeah, thank you. And just building off of what Scott was describing, we are seeing applications and successes in every corner of the business. We call it digital engineering, but it involves and it impacts every corner of our business. So some of the recent examples, we had a couple, we had two digital PDRs, preliminary design reviews over the summer. And these were examples where a typically very burdensome labor intensive process of lots of PowerPoint slides being sent back and forth and being very static and difficult to digest, difficult to prepare and really difficult to store for later data mining was replaced by using system modeling. Our model-based systems engineering capabilities and organization have really grown through these demonstrated examples over just the past year where document-based processes and information is replaced by model-based, or models that represent the same information and convey the data in reusable and structured forms. So now, requirements don’t come from a customer as a 500-page sentence document. It is a system model that we can then decompose, distribute across our organizations and then measure actuals against. So everything comes as data, is treated as data and gets used as data.

In the two examples I was talking about this summer, we saw what was estimated to be a 48-month process based on our legacy ways of doing things get improved by about a 20-month improvement. So we cut it almost in half by using these digital and model-based ways of communicating and of sharing information. One of the programs in particular found again a very burdensome process that had to do with our control schedule generation for fuel burn. It was normally a many months process was executed in several days and we were elated by this. And then the question is what do you do with that unlock? So now, you’ve unlocked some great capacity and the beauty of digital is it gives you choices. So either you’re three months ahead of schedule, which is amazing and valuable from our customer’s perspective if you are meeting the requirement. But if you’re three months ahead of schedule and you’re read for your requirement, that doesn’t do you much good except that now you have plenty of time to add additional iterations, perform more requirements evaluation. And so you can either translate that unlock into better performance or schedule improvement.

And there are other examples where you get choices than in a digital world that simply aren’t available when you’re doing everything paper-based.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

That’s great. Wow. So really seeing some value added results coming from the application of digital, saving time, saving money, capturing that unlock and turning it into value for the customers. But we know it’s hard. Steve, you gave us the sense of there’s this burning platform out there. We know China is the pacing threat and we’ve got to get after it. But it’s hard. It’s hard. So in your experience, why is it so hard for organizations to adopt? And what are some of the impediments, what can we do about that?

Brig. Gen. Steve J. Bleymaier (Ret.):

So that’s an excellent topic and I’ll cover it focusing on the organization being the Air Force and the Space Force. Although there’s many similarities to what I’m going to say to industry, but the context are completely different in many ways. So we can look at this through the lenses of technology, process, culture and training and funding. It’s not a technology problem. The technology is available and it’s open architecture. But sometimes, technology runs into culture in cots versus gots and that’s just a reality. And then anything that is a change like digital engineering or is new, a new process, it takes time to get up to speed. So look at the process, the current processes, they are outdated. And one of General Richardson’s lines of effort is to revolutionize processes and that’s excellent. They need to do that to allow the Airmen and the Guardians to adopt digital tools. Just look at airworthiness and how we do it or how it’s done in the military. It’s still based on a paper method. While commercial industry is doing like [inaudible 00:17:30] certification using models for the past 20 years.

Test processes are focused around physical testing, but the physical infrastructure of test and evaluation, it’s expensive to fix and there’s huge backlogs. So are they at a fork in the road? Do they invest more and commit to computing power and software to do more virtual tests? Sustainment, the sustainment arena is very challenging. There’s often no drawings, there’s no digital thread, there’s no requirements for things like condition-based maintenance and there’s no dedicated funding. And data analytics and artificial intelligence, that’s currently the process that has been chosen and that’s slow. But data analytics and physics-based models, they’re not in competition. In fact, you can actually fuse them together. You can take data analytics and artificial intelligence and sustainment and you confuse it with physics-based models to create a hybrid digital tune and get a higher accuracy rate. So culture, culture and training. You all have heard the saying that culture eats strategy for breakfast, right? So culture, it often keeps people from being able to hit the, “I believe,” button,

Digital engineering and model simulation analysis and taking the place of build and test and physically test, that’s a big change. So that’s difficult to make happen. And it’s hard for folks to hit the, “I believe,” button. So couple that with the fact that in Lifecycle Management Center for example, 35% of the engineers are retirement eligible, there’s a thousand vacancies, the SPOs are manned at about 50% of engineers. So they are stretched thin. So when you introduce this type of a process change, it’s difficult in that context. So for the culture, really the DAF needs to transform its people because digital engineering is not about hiring people to do digital engineering, you’re going to use the same people, but you’re going to transform the processes. So you’ve got to train them to do that. So training and building the digital workforce means providing them the tools that are available. And culture change of course requires leadership at all levels. And then finally, funding. The best vision in the world is just a good idea until you fund it.

Yesterday, the honorable Hunter said that one of his priorities is to transform the acquisition system into the 21st century, moving to a software-based acquisition system, changing business arrangements and processes, adding digital thread and increasing acquisition speed. And that is awesome. But nothing in the DOD is a priority until it’s funded. So this is an enterprise problem, that’s how I see it. And really to achieve the full benefit and the value of digital engineering, it requires an enterprise ecosystem. But it’s currently funded at the SPO level, so it has to compete with SPO resources. So what you’ll end up is siloed capabilities that aren’t connected and there at different levels of maturity and scale. So that’s a mismatch.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

Wow. So there’s a lot there, right? There’s process challenges. We’ve got to do the hard work of revolutionizing these processes. There’s limited data available. Of course, we know the data that is available is typically not clean or curated very well quality. So there’s time that’s needed to deal with that. You talked about the culture in and of itself of just adapting to a new way of working and operating. There’s that resistance that goes along with limited skills or needing to develop and up the skill level of our staff. And of course, funding. That’s a major constraint. So you’ve laid out some really high level enterprise challenges that are for sure creating some impediments. But yet on the ground, certainly again we’ve seen with programs like Sentinel, GBSD that we’ve gotten through some of that. Scott, tell us what’s going on there. How have you begun to overcome some of these barriers to adoption that are real? And I’m sure many in the audience are feeling these challenges today.

Dr. Scott Nowlin:

So Steve did a great job hitting on some of the major touchpoints across what I think of as being the quad chart of digital engineering, right? I think about the people and the processes and the tools and the infrastructure. Sentinel, GBSD was fortunate to have the resources to invest in infrastructure. I’m not going to talk a lot about that, especially because of the classification level they have to act at. The processes. Steve did a great job talking about that. Tools, there are many, many different tools out there. Let me go back to the people because this room is full of people and you all ought to be thinking about on my next civilian appraisal, on my next EPR, OPR, on my next CPARs that I’m going to give to my support contractor or my prime, where’s the word digital going to appear? What impact am I having on the organization because I’m willing to step out and get innovative?

So if I think about the people at your level, wherever you are in the organization from a four star all the way down to… There’s probably some Arnold Air Society members in here, right, who are doing capstone projects in college. Where are you looking to apply digital from your seat? I know within BAE Systems, we’re implementing culture change at a boots on the ground level. We do MBSE boot camps where we bring our employees in for a week long program where we get into a CSML model. And yes, they can go take a class and learn about CSML and prepare for CSML 2.0 as a modeling language, but they don’t see it in action until they can trace. And one of the benefits we’ve seen is an engineer being able to sit down in front of an architecture of Minuteman 3 that captures 1,400 configuration items and be able to identify the departing baseline for a change.

In other words, you want to take out the guidance computer, the Minuteman 3 as a notional example. Instead of spending days looking through drawings and chasing down interface control documents, in minutes you can generate a report that shows if I rip the brain out of the Minuteman 3 in its guidance computer, how that ripples across the weapon system and what other piece parts does it touch down to a chip level if you want to go that deep, if you’ve decided to model that deep. So really the people issue as it percolates up, the return on investments come when you’re able to invest in your people I would say first and foremost. And that includes leadership getting smart on where to make the investments because you can’t boil the ocean. Minuteman 3 for example cannot afford to become a digital weapon system. They don’t have the time or the resources. But Sentinel was born digital starting from a government reference architecture that captured its requirements in a digital framework and they’re now able to reap those benefits.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

All right. So invest in your people first, build digital engineering from there. Leadership has a critical role in that. And hold ourselves accountable are some of the things that I heard there. Where are you going to find digital in your personal performance outcomes that you’re going to hold yourself accountable for? I’m sure it wasn’t easy for Pratt & Whitney to get started either. You’re a big industrial age company as well and while you guys have achieved some significant successes and have done some things that have really started to lead the way, how did you get traction in this? Tell us, Amanda, how that got started and what are some of the successes that led to you being able to move out?

Amanda Brown:

Yeah. I think Steve, you hit the nail on the head. Culture change is at the heart of digital transformation, agile transformation, all of it. I think the best way to engender more success is to show success. So we started, as you might expect, with some small pilots, some energized excited people who just wanted to go and explore this. They became knowledgeable and then they pushed it with their management and then were able to grow a critical mass of energy behind it. So our model-based systems engineering and model-based product definition are the two areas that are probably the farthest ahead. And if you’ve worked with model-based product definition, this is eliminating 2D drawings and replacing it with 3D forms of product definition where all of the engineering data that’s typically text only, dumb text on a drawing is embedded as machine readable content in the 3D solid model. So now, you have reusable data. So our model-based product definition team did a couple of pilots and had some great success and we demonstrated how you can create this 3D form of product definition that’s easy to access.

You don’t need a specialty CAD license or fancy CAD training, you can use some light CAD readers that are on the market. And then we demonstrated how our supply base, a producer outside of Pratt & Whitney, can consume, that’s file import, right? Not typing the information over again, but can consume the 3D product definition, the digital data and use it to build their CNC program, their CMM program, their op sheets, and then perform the inspection in 3D ways. And they actually did it. And those early successes have to happen for culture change to ever occur. Not only do we need to provide training like Scott was mentioning, there are some new things that people need training on that you can’t just thrust them into an unknown environment. But it’s critical that the senior leadership be brought along the journey and be prepared for things that are different. Just being able to show a little bit of vulnerability is something that’s foreign at Pratt & Whitney and probably in most of the industry environments.

And to go in there and say, “I don’t know if this is going to work, but I think it has a lot of potential and we need to try this.” Creating leaders who are willing to respond to that, provide top cover for these energetic teams. It is an innovation and an exploration. We don’t know the crystal clear path to get there and I think the advocacy from leadership to allow the space for innovation has been a key point in our success. It’s also been critical for us that we go the full enterprise and the full lifecycle. And Pratt & Whitney Engineering is one major organization within our company and there are other major organizations just as big and just as loud and just as opinionated. And if you do digital engineering and engineering alone, you’ll never be successful. You just won’t get there. So bringing the operations community, the human resources community, the finance community, all these other parts of our organization along because they are impacted, You can’t run a good engineering project if you don’t have financial data on your actuals.

Are my people charging? Are they spending? Am I behind? Am I ahead? All the EVMS stuff, hey that’s data. I need that data to be reusable and accessible. So I think a lot of our success has been because we are forcing, and it’s not always easy, the conversation to occur across the enterprise and across the lifecycle. So by lifecycle, I mean we tend to have different communities of people who work early conceptual design, different communities of people who work are production support and design, different communities of people who support the aftermarket. Again, we want that data leveraged up and down the lifecycle. If you have actual manufacturing data, we want to use it to evaluate our service part. Can it go back in for another thousand cycles? Because we know that the part was on the high side of the tolerance band or no, it was on the low side of the tolerance band, we better pull it and replace it now. These are decisions that Usage Based Lifing lets us make.

This is something we’ve been instituting on the F119 fleet where we take actual manufacturing and actual flight history data to determine additional life or usability of parts rather than just using nominals or typical flight conditions. And having that data accessible unlocks a lot of doors that can not only extend life on wing, but can then let us step change, improve the performance of a given aircraft or engine based on using that data in different ways.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

Wow. So not only is leadership critical and pulled on that thread for us a little bit, which was great to see that how important that’s been in your organization in getting those early wins as successes with the pilots, having leaders be willing to allow for failure and experimentation. But you’ve also reinforced the point that was made earlier about the criticality of data and making that data available across the full lifecycle so you can really start to reap the benefits from design all the way through to sustainment and be able to unlock those silos that we all operate in and find insights all along that lifecycle.

I want to jump ahead a little bit here to some terminology. And you guys have talked on some of this a little bit, but I want to make sure that we level set everybody on some of this. What Amanda was just talking about in terms of leveraging data across the lifecycle speaks to what we typically refer to as the digital thread. And I want to ask Steve to help us understand what is it we mean by a digital thread? I know his company works a lot in helping organizations put in place the types of tools and capabilities that will enable the digital thread and also be able to empower a digital twin. So tell us, Steve, a little bit about what is a digital thread? What’s a digital twin? How does it fit into this whole activity of digital engineering that we’re trying to get our arms around?

Brig. Gen. Steve J. Bleymaier (Ret.):

Sure, and I’ll try to be fast. So digital twin, it’s not just doing simulation, it’s not just building a CAD model, digital twin is about connecting a physical system and a digital model in real time or near real time so that you can do prognostics and other activities across the lifecycle. This could be taking telemetry data off of a satellite and then moving it offline to do anomaly resolution before putting it back into and physically implementing it on the space asset. Digital twins can be multi-fidelity. They don’t all have to have physics and be physics-based models. They could just contain data analytics and AI, or you can combine the two and it really depends on the criticality of the system or the component that you are producing the digital twin for. Just like Scotty mentioned earlier, we wouldn’t have the funds to ever be able to do digital twin on all of our fielded systems and every component on those systems. So you can be surgical and you can produce the right digital twin that you need.

And if you just used data analytics and artificial intelligence, you get to about an 80% level of accuracy, like I mentioned earlier. When you combine those together with physics, you can get up to 98% level of accuracy. The twin can also be used for activities across the lifecycle. So these include things like virtual verification of performance, operational decision making in wartime training, predictive maintenance on the asset, and even developing a future system to include training and validation of AI and ML capabilities as those come on board more and more. And then digital trend, this is commonly thought of as the digital fabric that connects the different parts of the lifecycle together. And that digital thread allows a model to progress in fidelity from research and development to acquisition, to test, to deployment, to operations and to sustainment.

And as it goes along that path, you’re aggregating that data. And so then when you field it and it performs, that data can get fed back into the digital twin. And then you can compare it against what was expected and what was required. And you’ll have that traceability and that repeatability all the way back to the as designed, to the as manufactured and to the as fielded versions. And you’ll be able to see what has changed and figure out the root cause of why it’s changed. And as was I think mentioned earlier, you can accelerate when you have to make a change or an upgrade. You now have that knowledge and that data that was used and produced all the way back in concept development and design. You don’t have to recreate it, which is what has been happening for years and that’s why upgrades take so long.

Maj. Gen. Kimberly A. Crider (Ret.):

Thank you. Well unfortunately, we’re out of time. I’ll tell you, we could go on all afternoon I think talking about this topic of digital engineering and so many great examples here. Thank you for sharing your insights, your success stories, telling us about the challenges and reinforcing the important points of investing in people, investing in data, investing in process, and most of all, just getting started. Just getting started. Unlock it, unleash it, see where it takes you, take advantage of those opportunities to accelerate your capabilities. We have to do this. Thank you for being a part of our panel today. Thank you all for participating. We look forward to chatting with you afterwards.

Dr. Scott Nowlin:

Thanks, everyone.

Amanda Brown:

Thank you.

Watch, Read: ‘Air & Space Warriors Now & Tomorrow’

Oct. 16, 2022

Retired Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula, dean of the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies, moderated a discussion on “Air & Space Warriors Now & Tomorrow” with Lt. Gen. Brian S. Robinson, commander of Air Education and Training Command; Maj. Gen. Shawn N. Bratton, commander of Space Training and Readiness Command; and Maj. Gen. Case Cunningham, commander of the Air Warfare Center, Sept. 21, 2022, at AFA’s Air, Space & Cyber Conference. Watch the video or read the transcript below. This transcript is made possible by the sponsorship of JobsOhio.

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Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Well good morning, ladies and gentlemen. I’m Dave Deptula, Dean of the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies, and welcome to our panel on Aerospace Warriors, Now and Tomorrow. Professional military education in the broad sense of the term is critical to ensuring that our Airmen and Guardians have the knowledge and skills necessary to stay on the leading edge of strategy and tactics, whether it be flight school, operating or advising at Red Flag or a fellowship at a place like the Mitchell Institute. These experiences shape our war fighters into the world’s best.

But professional military education has to be baked into an Airman or a Guardian’s career to give them the opportunity to grow as they progress. Innovative training and education’s required to prepare our Airmen and Guardians for the fights of the future. Today, we have the leaders whose responsibility is just that, training the very best US Airmen and Guardians possible. Lieutenant General Brian Robinson is Commander of Air Education and Training Command. Major General Shawn Bratton is Commander of Space Training and Readiness, or Star Command, and Major General Case Cunningham is the Air Force Warfare Center Commander. So welcome gentlemen, and thanks for taking the time to be here today.

Now just a little bit about their backgrounds. Prior to command of AETC General Robinson, also known as Smokey, served as the Deputy Commander of Air Mobility Command where he was responsible for transcom’s air component. He’s a weapons officer and command pilot with over 4,400 hours in airlift and training aircraft. Major General Bratton, also known as Governor, was the first Air National Guardsman to attend the space weapons instructor course at Nellis. Previously, General Bratton was at Northcom director of Space Forces Commander of the American Maryland International Guard 175th Cyberspace Operations Group and Deputy director of Ops at US Space Command.

And as the commander of the US Air Force Warfare Center at Nellis, Major General Cunningham, also known as Basket, oversees Air Force Operational Testing and Tactics Development, as well as the advanced training schools exercises in venues that are all out there at Nellis. He’s the former commander of the Thunderbirds and previously served as director of plans, programs and requirements at Headquarters Air Combat Command. So gentlemen, thanks for joining us again today. What I’d like to do is offer you each the opportunity to give a couple of opening remarks and we’ll start with Smokey, so General Robinson.

Lt. Gen. Brian S. Robinson:

Sir, thank you very much. And I just want to start with saying thank you and acknowledge the great effort and support from yourself, the Mitchell Institute and AFA, for allowing us, the directors and the board, allowing us to have this opportunity. And then I’m absolutely honored and humbled to represent the first command here as the thousands of many tens of thousands of Airmen that serve in that capacity and do what we do. But also humbled an honor to be alongside my colleagues here on the stage to talk with you today. You asked about what is it we’re getting after today. So I’d like to start with at the broad sense in work a little bit more further and down into detail. But essentially what it comes down to, and you’ve heard it here many times over already and you’ve heard it before coming here, but our Airmen are our competitive advantage, vis a vis the PRC, and or Russia, any other significant adversary there.

So it starts there. And what I’m really trying to get after with the team that I have working around with me and working with and through is how does AETC leverage every possible touchpoint it has with our Airmen from the time they enter the Air Force, come back for PME advanced skills training to make sure that we’re pushing them, developing them, recruiting them in the right direction so that they have confidence that they can go forth and help the Air Force return to the great power mindset. Can they be confident and comfortable with the mindset of multi-capable Airmen? Are they able to think critically and employ and advise on the concept known as agile common employment? Are we training them and giving them the talents that they need in that space? And then mostly returning to our roots where the Airmen are actually empowered, right?

They understand with that training and the repetitions that options they get, that they’re actually empowered to go forth and do the things many examples have you heard from there. I’d like to touch on four specific things and perhaps it’ll lead into some of the Q and A. Our first most strategic concern we have is recruiting, recruiting and retention but recruiting specifically. We have to figure out how to evolve our approach to recruiting in a way that gets us… That increases the Air and Space Force’s value statement to the generation that we want to join our forces. And as it was said by the CEO of Google yesterday, if you saw that, they can see themselves contributing to our mission and our why.

After that, just speaking of the brand, the other piece of that is we have to change the narrative or evolve the narrative where we come back to talking about the strengths of the brand, the brand of the Air Force and the Space Force and what it is that we’re about, what it is that we’re going to do, and how they can contribute to the advancing air power, space power in the United States of America in this great competition.

Below that, the second concern I have is optimizing the efficiencies and the ways that we train and develop learning and training for our Airmen, particularly UPT 2.5. That’ll be fully operational capable here the first quarter of ’23. But then I want to take all that we’ve learned in that space with the greatness of debt 24 under 19th Air Force and start looking at how we apply that to tech training transformation. You may not know this, I’m sure most of you in this crowd do, but many outside the Air Force especially don’t know. But pilot training is like 12% of what we do in terms of what we train and provide. The other 88% is all the other enabling functions, civil engineers, finance, weather, et cetera, et cetera. So we want to figure out how we can take what we learn there.

Third point, the inflection points that I see that provide the greatest opportunity for us to transform and help the Air Force achieve its objectives is through Air University, the PME schools, both the officer and enlisted, how we get after that and start getting our folks calibrated in the ways that they can get after understanding the joint war funding concept and apply that in their daily goings on and the staffs that they serve on.

Second, I think, is our intel school. We’ve got to get away from sensor to shooter and to get to sensor to decision maker and that information rides along our war fighting functions. And we need the joint task force commanders, the leaders at every level, to understand all those elements as best they can to make the best decisions in the battle, in the fight. Underpinning all of that, so I use this last, but is not by any way, means or shape the least important. It’s the data and the systems approach. We have to be able to access the data, push the data, understand the data with how we train our folks, develop them, deliver learning, understand the competencies that they’ve gained, how that works in partnership with half A1 and staff MR and the development side and talent management and putting people in the right places that they contribute the most.

We’re in a digital age. Conflict is already occurring in the digital age environment. If we get to that point, warfare will occur in a digital age and we have a very foundational piece as AR education training command and making sure the force is ready for that. So I look forward to the conversation and thank you for the opportunity.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Very good. General Bratton?

Maj. Gen. Shawn N. Bratton:

Good afternoon or late morning. Day three of AFA. You guys look good out there. Need some energy, so stay alive with us. There’s probably a lot of instructors out there, ATC and STARCOM instructors, maybe some recruiters in the room. Thanks to you guys, first and foremost. None of this business goes anywhere without that frontline of instructor duty and we value it in both services and the secretary values it. It was clear in his guidance to the promotion board. So shout out to the instructors and the recruiters in the room. Really, we go nowhere without you, so thanks. I’ll tell you, it’s been a busy year in STARCOM. We’re the newest thing in the newest service. One year old, we just turned one year old. And we have been working hard. Mainly the first year was about accession into the force.

What does that first 12 months of service look like? And we made really, in partnership with the ATC, some leaps and bounds and basic training and how we onboard people into the service. Great partnerships throughout the enterprise there. Year two, we’re really now looking at that second tranche. How do we get into advanced training? And this is driven just, as General Robinson pointed out, by the threat. They are coming to get us in space, right? Russia and China’s capabilities are legitimate threats on orbit and they’re coming to get us in space not just to deny space but to defeat the Air Force in air superiority. They think there’s a weak link there that they can defeat land forces, air forces, naval forces, if they beat us in space. They’ve seen the advantage that it provides to the joint force and they’re coming after us.

And STARCOM’s job with a bunch of teammates is prepare the force. How do we get ready for that fight. If the operators succeed or fail, we carry that burden to prepare them properly, to engage the threat. And so we’re really focused on readiness in this second year and how do we tie our training events to the readiness of the operational force and how can I prove that in metrics? What’s the range activity we need to build? We’re teaming with the Warfare Center on a lot of advanced training activities to make sure that we’re not just doing space operations to protect and defend on orbit, but we know that we are protecting and defending on orbit to ensure air, land, sea superiority as well for the joint force. So a lot of focus year two in advanced training activities, and I think we’ll talk a little bit about that.

Just a quick update on what happened in year one, where we are right now. We’re still in a build phase. We have basing activities going on for STARCOM headquarters and as Deltas, we’re still onboarding civilians. So civilians, we’re hiring. Come talk to us. And building out the force and that’ll go for the next two or three years. We’re still in very much a build phase and there’s still this incredible dependence, I think always will be, on big Air Force. The Space Force is such a small service. We assess about 500 enlisted members per year, about 300 officers a year, just tiny numbers compared to the bigger enterprises in the other services. It lets us do some things in different ways, maybe be more agile, but it also creates an incredible dependency on ATC and Air Force recruiting and all the Air Force services that help us out.

And so we’re trying to understand that, where does it make sense to separate and go do our own thing to ensure space superiority for the joint force. But there’s other places where it absolutely makes sense to stay tied together. And I think we’re working with our teammates to work through some of that and I think we’ll probably talk a little bit more about that. I got to finally give a shout out to STARCOM Squad in the air, three taz is here in the house. I saw we’re real proud of them. They just got that award at our first birthday, first ever squad in the air. So Sumo, good job with the team over there.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

General Cunningham?

Maj. Gen. Case Cunningham:

Thanks sir. Echo the thanks to AFA for this awesome forum and awesome opportunity and the honor to be up here on this stage with these leaders. What I thought I’d do this morning is just give you, in this time, just give you a quick run through of what the Warfare Center is, because sometimes that’s not a commonly understood fact, and then talk to you a little bit about our three priority efforts in the Warfare Center. So first, we’re about 13,000 folks, not only at Nellis in Nevada, but across 20 other states and about 53 other locations. There’s only about 55 folks in the headquarters. So by definition, everything that happens in the Warfare Center is really through the wings that make up the Warfare Center. So briefly, the 57th Wing is our advanced training organization headquartered at Nellis, Red Flag and Weapon School are some of the events that many of you would know best there.

The 53rd Wing, our operational test and tactics development organization, doing that not only for ACC but also a global strike headquartered at Eglin. And then also in the panhandle, the 505th command and control wing. If you take everything the 57th does and the 53rd does put it together and then focus on C2, that is what the 505th command and control wing does. So JTAC to JFAC as it’ll often say there. And then our newest organization, also in the panhandle, is the 350th spectrum warfare wing focused exclusively on dominance in the electrode magnetic spectrum, been up for about a year there. Blitzing back to Nellis, we’ve got the 99th air base wing who does a fantastic job maintaining the installation that makes all the magic possible at Nellis. And then our two named organizations, the NTTR, which is a place and also an organization, the Nevada Tests and Training Range, responsible for that national asset that exists there in Nevada.

And they are also responsible for the virtual test and training center, which I think we’ll get a little bit of a chance to talk to today. And then last but not least, the Air Force Joint Test Program office, one of our lesser known organizations in the Warfare Center, but does amazing work across the joint community with Air Force sponsored joint tests that are nonmaterial in nature. So across those organizations, we’ve got three priorities. And when I say we’ve got three priorities in the warfare center, it requires the synergistic and integrated effects across those wings in order to make them real. So the first is we have a pacing challenge campaign plan. And really what that is, is all about the operations activities and investments that we do within the warfare center, making sure that they’re laser focused of the pacing challenge that is China. That is fundamental and underlies everything else that we do within the warfare center.

The second is the virtual test and training center, and more specifically, turn the virtual test and training center from what it is today into the synthetic range that we need for the pacing challenge. Like I said, we’ll get a little bit of a chance to touch on that a little bit more here later. And then the third is revamping our advanced training enterprise in line with the things that you heard the chief talk about in his talk on Monday. Those five key factors for culture change in our Air Force, reflecting all of those in our advanced training enterprise. So it’s an honor be here with you. Look forward to the conversation. Thanks, sir.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Well great. Thank you all for those introductory and background remarks. Let’s dig into a little bit more detail with some questions. Now, the title of this panel’s, Air and Space Warriors, Today and Tomorrow. And today the vast majority of what the Guardians provide is critical to enabling the success of US war fighters inside the atmosphere. Tomorrow, there’s going to be more fighting external to the atmosphere and the actual space domain. So Governor first, but all of you, feel free to chime in. How are you managing the evolution about the way Guardians are viewed not simply as critical enablers, but as war fighters in and of themselves?

Maj. Gen. Shawn N. Bratton:

Yeah, sir. Thanks. There’s a couple pieces there. One, we’re working hard on the war fighting doctrine. We don’t have the history of war fighting in space. We’ve never had a single battle in space. And so you think about how air power evolved and we learned and we developed doctrine. We fought World War II, we learned and developed Vietnam, Korea. I mean, long history there of lessons learned, applied, and applied, and applied. We’re writing that 3.0 doctrine right now that we need to teach our war fighting. But how do we think about terrain in space? What are our centers of gravity? What are the most valued targets? How do we do intelligence collection? How do we disseminate command and control? All the things that the Air Force has a history on and proves dominant in since Desert Storm on, for sure. We’re back in the early days of the air corps tactical school and we’re right there.

And so as we onboard Guardians and General Thomas is here, as his team brings them into the service for us, early in their training, we want to incorporate those lessons. But first we got to write the war fighting doctrine. And so there’s a big effort going on right now for 3.0. We’re developing exercises and war games to try out the things we think are true and prove them as concepts and eventually write them in. And so to develop that war fighter, we got to understand command and control. We got to understand what it means for space superiority in the domain, but also what’s the most important thing for success in air, land and sea? And so that certainly influences how we think about targets, how we think about high value assets and things that we have to defend and then train and exercise to prepare the force.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Very good. Either your other two like to comment on that or are we going to leave it to the space guy?

Lt. Gen. Brian S. Robinson:

I would say we’re all in on the partnership and you said air corps tactical school, so we’ll gladly give you some space at where air corps tactical school started, which is at Randolph. But all I would add really for everyone out here, and this is what I talk to folks about, right now I think is an incredibly exciting time to be in the Air and the Space Forces. We are no longer getting after the same old problems looked at slightly different ways that are very, I think, have become rudimentary over time. We’ve got some wicked hard problems to solve. We got to solve them fast and we’re coming to America’s best and brightest and our very intelligent Airmen that are on the line who oftentimes have the ideas and the solutions or key components of those. So I’ve not been this excited about being part of the Air Force since I joined many, many years ago, a couple minutes ago, but I just think it’s exciting.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

That’s a great segue to our next question. Professional military education is, as you alluded to, the bedrock for developing future leaders to be as lethal as possible in a fight. There’s been some feedback from recent attendees that indicates that PME content may not be as focused on war fighting as it could be. Could you all talk about if there’s an effort to increase and improve, refine our PME content to address this concern?

Lt. Gen. Brian S. Robinson:

Yes, sir. I’ll take that. Great questions, thank you for that. So all credit to General Hecker, but under his tutelage and command of Air University, that feedback was heard. They took a pretty formal look at that and in the last year or so, redesigned the Air Commander staff college syllabus and the Air War College syllabus to focus more on joint war fighting. So 60% of the syllabus now is aligned with joint war fighting with the particular adversaries in the NDS in mind, the bulk of that, again, being with the PRC. This academic year it’s under full execution. We’ve got it dialed in, General Tullos now has it dialed in for a quick assessment and stride assessment and adjustments to that. Some key components of that are the ability to, basically, there’s a series of war gaming events that go on.

So they’re looking at how they use gamification, if you will. And each of the semesters, each semester formally ends with a war game environment with a op four Red Force versus Blue Force kind of approach to it to evaluate what we thought, what the students and the cadre thought would work or not is actually going to work in that way. They’ve also changed some of the staff to bring more military uniform members back onto the faculty versus relying so heavily on civilian PhDs and academia, if you will, to get to war fighting. So those in and of themselves, I think, are very exciting.

The next turn on that is at the enlisted core PME, so NCO Academy as well as the Senior NCO Academy, about helping them understand how to be critical thinkers and leaders at the NCO level and threading the needle with the why, the objectives, how to defeat the PRC and how to contribute to that. And again, back to the multi-capable Airmen and the concept. So we’re going to have a good turn on the wheel of that this year coming and get that rolled out. So it’s going to be crosscutting across the board for all the PME sources there.

Maj. Gen. Shawn N. Bratton:

For the Space Force, we have clear guidance from the boss from General Raymond in the planning guidance to develop independent PME for the Space Force. Vosler NCO Academy came over, so we’re running senior NCO and NCO Academy within the Space Force right now and developing new curriculum taught by Guardians. But we always start with what we got from the Air Force and we’re grateful for that. I think ID and SD, we’re getting real close to final on some announcements and where we’re going to go with ID and SD. We’re working some new partnerships. We will continue to send folks to Air War College, Navy War College, Army War College. We’re required to do that for both those systems. I think that where we’re going, the next big challenge, is what do we do for the captain’s course as we call it. And when I think about PME, it’s really… There’s things I learned at War College that really I wish I had learned as an oh three early in my career, especially the joint planning process and how we interact with joint forces.

I learned some of that the hard way in deployments just having to figure it out. But I think that evolution of early PME will be real important for us on what makes an operator successful as they transition from a operational unit into that next level of operational command and control, we’re on a combatant command staff and how do we take a little bit more of the joint education and move that earlier in the career rather than my experience, which was later in the career. But at the same time, we’ll keep strong partnerships with AU and with the Army and the Navy as well as we bring in interservice transfers. They’ll start showing up as instructors and they’ll bring that flavor to the Space Force, their service culture and ultimately this will come out with our own thing, I think, within a short amount of time for the Space Force.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

I’d suggest that this is a pretty exciting time for all the things that you both said. I had the opportunity to meet with the ACSE commandant just prior to this session, Colonel Barry, and it was fascinating to hear the change in the curriculum and turning ACSE into the air power school. So I think, like you said Smokey, lots of changes that came down the pike and they’re now being realized. Basket, here’s one for you. It’s becoming evident that we may not be able to have a full up modern multi-domain flight replication with fifth generation aircraft space systems and so on the same way we did it Red Flags when I flew in them 40 years ago. The airspace is too constrained. Our enemies are always watching from overhead systems and achieving realistic numbers of adversaries is challenging. So what’s the progress in building joint integrated training centers that will allow us to overcome these physical constraints so we can exercise in realistic fashion against peer adversaries?

Maj. Gen. Case Cunningham:

Yeah, thanks sir. Appreciate the question. I think you’ve characterized the challenges quite well. Hopefully we’ll get a little bit of a chance to talk about what we’re doing in relation to those challenges in the live fly arena, but certainly in the synthetic arena. And for those that aren’t familiar, the joint integrated training centers are by name mentioned in the joint TAC air synthetic training analysis of alternatives, that was a joint requirements document that came out a couple of years ago. And specifically what they highlighted was the need for a single site location to get the kind of high-end advanced tactics test and training that we need for the pacing challenge. HEATTT is the acronym there. So at Nellis, I mentioned before, it’s one of my priorities in the seed. What we’re doing is transitioning the virtual test and training center that exists today, which is really a collection of proprietary platforms that are a legacy in nature and transitioning that campus of about four existing facilities into a capability that has a few key attributes.

The first is that it’ll be on the joint simulation environment backbone. The joint simulation environment is the synthetic environment that’s being used to support F35 IOT and E. The second is single site high fidelity, low-latency physics based, and that is all resident in the government owned JSE capability. The third is integrated by design, not only across multiple domains, but also across our partners and particularly our key partners of the Australia and the UK in addition to the Navy there. So all of them have space in the design for this campus there on Nellis. And then the last is an integration and capabilities that one might expect in a multi-domain world to see on night one of a fighter all represented there so that we can get the kind of high-end training that we need to do in the synthetic environment. That’s the first instantiation of a joint integrated training center concept within the Air Force. I think there’s plenty of opportunity and conversation for more like that to be planned for the future. Thanks, sir.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Well I had a follow up for you but you answered that, so I’m not going to ask it. We’ll move on to Governor. As the Space Force grows, it’s got direct hiring authority to fill billets. Has this helped the Space Force recruit the talent that it needs to fully stand up the force and what other work needs to be done to ensure that the Space Force gives the talent that’s required to focus on that war fighting in space that you talked about?

Maj. Gen. Shawn N. Bratton:

Yeah sir, thanks. I’ll tell you the great thing about being a very small service is there’s more people that want to come join us than we have positions for. And so it’s really in the pool that wants to come into the Space Force, identifying the right talent. We’re doing some direct commissioning pilot programs, folks coming in from industry in the first instance, cyber skills who can come in anywhere from a first lieutenant to a lieutenant colonel. And so we’re experimenting with that. We’re heavily civilian. 50% of the force is civilian. And so we’re using some new civilian hiring authorities to bring in talent. And then of course the recruiting team is out there finding the best folks for us every day. We’ll continue… The Space Force is doing a lot of things on its own, but it’s doing a lot of things with help from the Air Force, like I said.

And so Air Force Academy, ROTC, Air Force recruiting service continue to serve both the Air Force and the Space Force. And those are areas where I don’t think we’ll ever go our own way. It doesn’t make sense to do that. We’re just too small. And so I think we rely on the recruiting team out there for sure. But also academy admissions. We got the detachment up, the academy kept green woods here, working hard to explain then to cadets on here are your opportunities both within the Air Force but also within the Space Force if you’re interested in space, cyber intel, acquisition and engineering, come join the team. And so far it’s been a successful enterprise. We’re bringing in top talent and we’ll just get better at it, sir.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Very good. Smokey, the Air Force has faced a pilot shortage for many, many years now. Even with crewed, un-crewed teaming on the horizon, we’re still going to need experienced pilots in the cockpit. What are some of the things that AETC’s doing to recruit the talent that we need to fill this and resolve this pilot shortage?

Lt. Gen. Brian S. Robinson:

Great question. Thank you for that, sir. So complex answer to a simple question, but what I would say is the pilot career, just like any career track, but it’s got three major segments with it, right? There’s the production of pilots, then there’s the absorption of pilots when they move out to their respective gaining sea match coms that they’re going to fly for. And then there’s the retention aspect. For the production aspect we’re doing, I think, very strong work on the recruiting side. The Aim High academies for example, trying to get to young men and women in our country that have expressed interest in aviation. And you can see that as simple as air shows. And General Minihan and I think he hooked this young man, this young lad I’ll say, at the Andrews Air show. Seth was his name, six years old, but clearly he wants to fly.

And so we spent time talking to him and ultimately with his mother and grandmother too. And he could see, took photos with us and things of that nature and just venues like that. The Aim High Academy is another one where we take folks that can go with mentorship from uniform wearing instructors in the summer period where they go out junior ROTC or with a civil air patrol or a contracted flight school and get some rides in some aircrafts, some academic construction to understand aviation better, but understand that they can actually do it and get exposed to it. Those are some of the examples there. Within pilot production, 19th Air Force has spent a lot of great work and effort refining UPT to 2.5, which soon will be known as just UPT once it goes fully operational and get away from the nomenclatures that we’re using that we have now.

But the ways that we can tailor the pilot training toward the skill sets and the track that they’re eventually going to go on. So we have accelerated path to wings, we have the mobility fundamentals course, and we have in development now with the fighter bomber fundamentals course now that we understand how to do competencies-based syllabus development and work backwards to design the syllabus itself. Some aspects of that nature. But I think it’s critical, back to my data point when my opening remarks, we have got to see all of this as a system and understand with each one of those different lines or lanes of effort in production add and then the retention. We can’t push pilots out the door to AMC, ACC, AFSOC. They can’t be absorbed or experienced at the rate that we need them to be experienced. And there’s lots of factors that contribute to that experiencing.

There’s logistics pieces, there’s sustainment from the weapon systems, sustainment portfolios, wear and tear on engines, the amount of manning that you actually have where they fly in our program is how that’s resourced. So we’re working to understand that as a system of systems in each of the phases and how we make that as smooth as possible so that our Airmen that are going in that track can get through in the way that they can. UPT 2.5 in and of itself will allow us to meet the Air Force’s standard goal by a little bit. It doesn’t allow us to account for uncontrollables in attrition, which would be weather events that are significant, hail storms, winter storms that are unexpected in some places where they don’t normally occur, for example, or seldom but impactful maintenance thing that pops its ugly head from time to time with an engine or aircraft component.

So the challenge before us now we’re resourced, planned to produce at the number of the Air Force would like us to achieve. We’ve got the things that we can control to get there. Now we’re just working through how we just refine and understand what’s actually happening in the system and smooth float as best we can.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Just to follow up a bit on the UPT 2.5, you’ve given us a bit of insight there. What are some of the challenges that are faced in moving from this traditional training approach into a more modern approach?

Lt. Gen. Brian S. Robinson:

That’s great. So I think the biggest challenge would be cultural. It’s a new way of training. I’ve had it… Other peers that are our age say we don’t understand, it’s not how we came up so they don’t understand it. And frankly, if you hadn’t gone through UPT in the last four years, you don’t understand it because you haven’t experienced it is what I would say. But really a lot of goodness has come out of it. The innovation, the use of immersive training devices and what they can contribute to advancing learning, the use of virtual reality and augmented reality. I was at Laughlin Air Force Base about a month ago and then the B flight T-6 and just by chance the student was talking about he’d gone out and done some acro in the T-6 and his comment was, “Hey, when I was upside down in the Cuban eight and looked down, looked above through the top of the candy before the ground references, it looked just like it looked in the immersive training device.”

So they’re confident, more prepared and we’re actually able now to work some of the agility of mind, if you will, where they no longer step out from the briefing desk with the set profile that you’re going to fly because they’ve had the ability to do the reps and sets and get through the cognition piece, and the process and procedures rather, there’s more agility and the instructor will mix up the profile or add something, subtract something if based on the student’s performance and they’re expected to be able to adjust to that. So those are some of the good things we’ve seen come out of it. Now we want to leverage that technology, those different approaches and expand it to the rest of learning and how we deliver content.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Very good. Thanks.

Maj. Gen. Shawn N. Bratton:

Sir, I think we can learn from you there a little bit because right now in the Space Force, you don’t fly a spacecraft until you show up at your first ops unit. And we’re trying to understand the value, how to place a value on virtual simulated training versus live training. Do we need to move more live training earlier in the training pipeline? Certainly the one place that happens is at the Air Force Academy where they’re flying the Falcon Set Program, but we’re trying to of find that right balance. Sounds like the Air Force is moving more into simulation. I think we need to move a little bit more towards live training, but how you do the value proposition of which one is better at what point in a career, I think, is something we can learn from you guys.

Lt. Gen. Brian S. Robinson:

Absolutely. Happy to work with you on it.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Basket, many of the folks in the room today have been or will go to a Red Flag. It’s been the cornerstone for our war fighters to get realistic combat training for a long time. 2021 saw space and cyberspace deliberately built into Red Flag. So moving forward, what can you say about how we better integrate space and cyberspace into Red Flag? Or would it make more sense to host an independent space Red Flag at Nellis or elsewhere?

Maj. Gen. Case Cunningham:

Thanks, sir. I’ll blitz through a long answer to a short question on that. First, I think it’s good to pause just for a second. You mentioned Red Flag 1975, the first time Red Flag happened over the years, the thousands of Airmen that have been impacted by that exercise. It’s really hard to measure, but that happens because of the folks that make it happen. The 414 CTS currently doing that at Red Flag and it’s a great team there. Talk just briefly about the things that we’re doing to adjust Red Flag that’ll reflect your question. First is that out of the three Red Flags we execute every year, two of those are specifically in relation to the pacing challenge. So the folks that come to Red Flag at dash one and dash three can expect to see nothing but the pacing challenge threat as replicated by our aggressor nation forces, the best that we can get on that.

Having the 350 Spectrum Warfare Wing as a part of the Warfare Centers is incredibly huge there for the spectrum dominance piece of what that means for advanced training. Another one is the fact that we’re expanding the airspace, so not just the NTTR but portions of the Utah Test and Training Range, restricted area 2508 at China Lake, which gives the geography a little bit more representative of the pacing challenge. The third aspect is pulling in, and this gets back to the five key elements that the chief talked about on Monday, elements of high tactical, low operational C2 ACE staff, ACE into our Red Flag events and integrated war fighting and the importance there. And then last, which you’ll get directly at the question, is we’ve started… The Weapon School is leading the way on this, doing vols out over the water Whiskey 291 airspace that’s off the coast of California, about 200 by 600 miles full integration with the Navy, both blue and red on the surface and the air and that, because the Weapon school is leading the way there…

Gov Squadron, the 328th Weapon Squadron, which is our Space Weapon School Squadron, fully integrated into that event as well as the 32nd Weapon Squadron, which is our cyberspace professionals in the Weapon school. So that integration templating that, bringing that over to Red Flag, what we’re seeing there in over water execution is really going to be important here as we move forward. The specific answer to your question, sir, I don’t think it’s an or. I think it’s an and. And the work that Gov is doing in his Sky Series of events, I think, is a great follow on to that.

Maj. Gen. Shawn N. Bratton:

Yeah, sir. I’d just say real quick, we are putting a couple Guardians back into the 414th. We kind of pulled a lot of folks out of Nellis and we’ll always go back there. We’re staying at the Weapon School, of course. We’re putting a couple Guardians back into the 414th to maintain that tie, space support to enable air superiority. The Sky Series is all about space superiority. Black Skies is going on right now for the first time. It’s an electronic warfare live-fire exercise. Red Sky’s next year, orbital warfare, live-fire exercise. We’re excited about all these things where we’re going with the force.

Lt. Gen. Brian S. Robinson:

Sir, if I could piggyback on that. This work is probably underway if I were a betting person, but with regard to where we’re going with the Air War College and ACSC, we’ve got to get the war gaming piece that incorporates these other domains, which is going to raise it to a higher classification level. The only way we’re going to do it the PRC quickly and the ways we want to is either be the speed of light or the speed of sound. And these two domains are getting there first, and then after that comes the speed of sound, which is the rest of the Air Force.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Very good. Real quick follow up for Basket. Air Force Warfare Center’s well positioned to support the development testing and training of collaborative combat aircraft or CCA that you hear the secretary talk about. Is there a plan for embedding government and industry technologists with the war fighters out at the weapon center to do this kind of work?

Maj. Gen. Case Cunningham:

Thanks, sir. We’re closely following the work that’s being done, the operational imperatives there in line with Frag Job, but who’s at ACCA 589 and then Dale White as the PO there. So we’re closely tied into that and I think there’s a great future there within the Warfare Center for those efforts.

Lt. Gen. David A. Deptula (Ret.):

Okay. Well, very good. Unfortunately, we’ve come to the end of this session. What I’d like to do is thank each of our panelists for being here today, and for all of you in the audience, for taking the time to come and listen. And so with that, have a great aerospace power kind of day. Thank you.