Study Contracts for CCA Engines Will Help Air Force Explore the ‘Art of the Possible’

Aug. 28, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

The Air Force is getting ready to award $10 million worth of study contracts for engines that could power later versions of the Collaborative Combat Aircraft, but has not yet nailed down performance specifications, service engine officials said last month. They are continuing to take the pulse of industry for innovative solutions that will meet CCA propulsion needs for the long-term.

“Our intention is to award those propulsion studies here in the near future, and then continue to refine that, find that way,” John Sneden, director of the Air Force propulsion directorate, said at the Life Cycle Industry Days conference in Dayton, Ohio, at the end of July. He didn’t specify when the awards would be made. The Air Force has not disclosed previous contract awardees for CCA elements, such as for autonomy, to maintain security.

The study tender was released July 18 and responses were due Aug. 2. It did not specify how many respondents would be picked to split the $10 million in research money.

While the contractors for the first increment of CCA—Anduril and General Atomics—have engines as part of their offerings, the Air Force continues to reach out to industry “to see what is available for the second increment,” Sneden said.

“The final requirements are still in a state of evolution,” he said. The requirements will dictate the thrust and class of engine needed, and USAF “is just going to really assess what is in the art of the possible … so we can inform the propulsion way ahead.” But he emphasized that the service is “not locked into any specific thrust class right now and trying to stay open.”

That openness corresponds to a wide playing field in industry across thrust classes, Sneden said, with many options that could conceivably provide a winning solution or be part of one.

“We’re not in a place where we’re really kicking anybody out,” he said.

The Air Force will “go through the prototype study evaluation, in the 2025 time frame, and then start … getting into next steps and their prototyping. But again, that’s all going to be a function of where the program gets taken and how much funding” is available, Sneden said.

The Air Force held an industry day in June to talk with suppliers about what they can offer for CCA propulsion.

Last year, the service released a request for information that specified engines in the 3,000-8,000 pounds of thrust class, but that shouldn’t be construed as a final requirement, Sneden said. That RFI was “basically looking at: what can the industrial base do for us?”

Moving forward, the propulsion directorate is “looking at what technology options we have at three years, at five years and seven years.” That will include prototypes and studies to consider cost, schedule, and performance.

At the Farnborough Air Show last month, GE Aerospace and Kratos Defense announced they are partnering to develop a small class of engines they believe will be applicable to CCAs. Their first such powerplant is in the 800 pounds of thrust class but could be scalable to “just under 3,000 pounds” of thrust, GE officials said. The GEK800 engine is applicable to drones, loitering missiles, cruise missiles and other small powered weapons, but could be scaled to power a CCA, they said, adding that final decisions will depend on where the Air Force finally settles as to the class of engine it wants.

“We have numerous initiatives underway” to enhance the CCA propulsion “ecosystem,” Sneden said.

“We’re continuing efforts to drive speed and options across our enterprise. That includes things like doing digital trends, having an advanced manufacturing repair ecosystem, using big data analytics to inform our maintenance and deployment activities, as well as establishing another transactional authority contract vehicle that will help expand the propulsion industrial base,” Sneden said.

He said the focus of CCA propulsion right now is on the future, and everything the directorate is doing is aimed at “driving propulsion capability options for the long-term future of CCA.”

Experts: Time Is Running Out for DOD to Execute Its Commercial Space Strategy

Aug. 28, 2024 | By Shaun Waterman

Time is running out for the Pentagon to fully integrate commercial space capabilities into its architectures as it said it would in its April strategy, former officials told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

U.S. officials, including CIA Director William Burns, have repeatedly warned that Chinese President Xi Jinping has ordered his military to be ready by 2027 to conduct an invasion of Taiwan, a breakaway self-governing democratic island 100 miles off the Chinese coast.

But the next generation of weapons systems the U.S. military is relying on to prevail in—and thereby deter—a potential war over Taiwan will not be deployed by that time, said Kari Bingen, director of the Aerospace Security Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and a former senior intelligence official in the Department of Defense under President Donald Trump.

Instead, the U.S. must rely on employing existing capabilities better than the adversary to deter and ultimately win a conflict, Bingen told Air & Space Forces Magazine on the sidelines of the INSA/AFCEA Intelligence and National Security Summit on Aug. 27. “We need to maximize the premium we get by better integrating the capabilities we have today,” she said, “These next generation systems won’t be online by 2027.”

China is not the only concern. Other U.S. adversaries might be able to benefit from the global revolution in commercial remote sensing and earth observation that the U.S. had unleashed, Bingen said. “Others around the world can also access the same commercial technology. We see that diffusion overall and a much more competitive landscape.”

In its commercial space integration strategy released in April, the Pentagon declared it would “benefit by making commercial solutions integral—and not just supplementary—to national security space architectures.”

The U.S., through government and commercial systems, continues to have an edge on adversaries in space capabilities, said David Gauthier, a veteran of the NGA, the U.S. agency that collects and interprets remote sensing intelligence like earth observation imagery.

But Gauthier, now chief strategy officer for CXO, a consultancy which works to get government contracts for startups, said that is at risk; the U.S. is losing its edge.

“There are, I guess, stagnant elements of our bureaucracy that are slowing down progress and our lead in commercial remote sensing is fading away,” Gauthier said.

“The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago, and the second best time to plant a tree is today,” he told Air & Space Forces Magazine after the panel where he and Bingen spoke. “Today is the deadline. It’s urgent.”

Gauthier said the DOD intelligence enterprise in space was “completely unbalanced” between build and buy. “Right now, we’re 99 percent ‘build it’ and one percent ‘buy,’” he said. “And we’re going backwards.”

That imbalance is costly.

“Unfortunately, the kind of integration that the U.S. system has preferred in the past,” Gauthier explained, involved government-built proprietary technology which then has to be integrated. “So we pay a huge amount of money to the system integrators” to bolt on commercial capabilities like managed services afterwards.

A better model for integration would be “more of an open system, where everyone’s using standards and APIs and we can have managed services [from different vendors] work with each other,” he said. “That would be flipping the system upside down.”

Bingen said the challenge isn’t just buying the right capability, but figuring out how to get it into the hands of the warfighter in a timely fashion.

“You need all this plumbing to be able to get that data to the edge,” she said.

In computing parlance, the edge typically refers to the farthest reaches of the network: the devices—phones, laptops, desktop computers—in the hands of end-users.

In the military context, the edge also implies the front line. It’s the furthest extent of the military network. In her remarks on the panel, Bingen recalled her frustration as a Pentagon political appointee at the resistance of Defense Department agencies and military services to adopting common data standards. There was no one, she said, whose “core job was to actually have all these systems talk to each other.”

Rick Freeman, the president of government business for Amazon’s Kuiper LEO constellation, said Amazon’s vision for the satellites, slated to come online next year as the first real competition for Elon Musk’s Starlink, is to make its constellations a marketplace for government capability vendors, much in the way smartphones created an ecosystem of apps.

An Android or iPhone “is merely the platform for all of the applications that provide value. … In a marketplace like amazon.com, or wherever you’re shopping, every time you buy something, you’re not buying an Amazon property, you’re buying something from someone else that uses their platform to create an ecosystem of products and applications that you need. We need to be thinking like that about space, via a platform” like the Kuiper constellation, he said.

McConnell Returns to Operations After Show-Stopping Storm

Aug. 27, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

McConnell Air Force Base in Kansas is back to full operations after a freakish “microburst” weather event on Aug. 24 injured multiple people but did relatively little physical damage to aircraft on static display for a planned airshow, base officials reported.

Around 10 people—base personnel and vendors—received minor injuries, according to local news media. The microburst occurred before the airshow opened Aug. 25 and the event was canceled.

“With the start of that rain and lightning, we asked the early arrivals to stay in their vehicles in the parking area off-base” a base spokesperson said. USAF personnel were also told to stay indoors because there was lightning within five miles.

“But that storm didn’t move. We had a period of about 2.5 hours of rain and lighting, coupled with wind gusts of up to 54 mph,” the spokesperson added.

The winds drove anything unsecured across the flightline, sweeping away tents, tables, chairs and portable toilets, and throwing debris at the nearly 80 aircraft on static display, representing most types in the Air Force inventory and a number of retired “warbirds.”

“The operators and maintainers with each military aircraft were able to each do complete inspections of their aircraft. No military aircraft received damage from Sunday’s microburst and all were able to depart McConnell,” the spokesperson reported. No further damage assessment is being done, he added.

“Most cleanup was accomplished Sunday, including the runway and taxiways. This allowed for the early departure of several aircraft which were present for the airshow,” he said. The 22nd Air Refueling Wing conducted a “FOD Walk”—for Foreign Object Damage—on Aug. 26 “and began receiving a few of its aircraft back that day.”

Another FOD Walk was conducted Aug. 27, “and then the base returned to normal flying operations.”

Airmen assigned to the 22nd Air Refueling Wing conduct a foreign object debris (FOD) walk following the Frontiers in Flight Air Show Aug. 26, 2024, at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas. The FOD walk included Airmen from every group in the wing to clear the flightline of materials such as rocks, loose hardware and litter from the air show. (U.S. Air Force photo by Airman 1st Class Gavin Hameed).

Of the aircraft that were struck with flying projectiles or flipped around by the winds, “most just need minor repairs,” the spokesperson said.

“The two receiving the most damage are the Commemorative Air Force Cessna UC-78 Bobcat, and the Cessna 150,” he reported. Photos of the latter aircraft flipped on its back circulated on social media after the storm.

That aircraft is “actually a privately-owned aircraft, painted with exceptional detail to resemble a Civil Air Patrol aircraft from an earlier era,” the spokesperson said.

The Cessna was righted by the 22nd Maintenance Group’s Crash Damage and Disabled Aircraft Recovery team on Aug. 25.

“The owner and several volunteers removed the aircraft’s wing today and loaded it on a flatbed truck, to take the Cessna 150 back to its home airfield, and it has since departed McConnell,” the spokesperson said.

Airmen right a Cessna 150 that had been flipped on its back during a violent microburst just before an airshow at McConnell Air Force Base, Kans. Aug. 24. McConnell Air Force Base/Facebook

The Bobcat “sustained damage to its tail assembly when winds pushed it into a parked vehicle. We are working with the owners to determine the next step on repairs and transport,” the spokesman said. Two Stearman Model 75 biplanes, a CAP Cessna 182 from the Kansas wing, the Bobcat and a Kansas Highway Patriol Cessna 206 are remaining “on station” for further assessment.

“Our Airmen displayed some truly exceptional teamwork and commitment to respond to the damage to the airshow area, render the area safe, clean up the entire flightline and work with vendors and visiting aircrew,” the spokesperson said. “That allowed for an early departure of some visiting aircraft on Sunday, as well as Monday, along with the return of McConnell KC-135s and KC-46s to home station. The magic of Team McConnell was on full display this week.”

The lack of damage was lucky, as the static display included F-22 Raptors and F-35 Lightning IIs, whose stealth surfaces are extremely unforgiving of foreign object damage.

Types on static display included:

Two Stearman Model 75 Biplanes

One B-29 Superfortress “Doc”

Two KC-46 Pegasus tankers, including the one which recently conducted a round-the-world flight

One C-130J Super Hercules

One A-10 Thunderbolt II

Two F-15E Strike Eagles

Two F-16 Fighting Falcons

Two F-22 Raptors

Two F-35 Lightning IIs

One B-1B Lancer

One B-52 Stratofortress

One RC-135 Rivet Joint

One T-38 Talon trainer

One T-6A Texan II trainer

One T-1A Jayhawk trainer

One T-53 Kadet II

One UH-60 Blackhawk

One HH-60 Blackhawk

One CH-47 Chinook

One Boeing’s “Dreamlifter” supersize 747

Cessna 421, 414, 310, 185, 182, 172, 150

One Beechcraft Baron

One Fairchild PT-19

One A-26 Invader “Lady Liberty”

One UC-78 Bobcat

One Ryan PT-22 Recruit

Space Force Working on New Tailored PME for Noncommissioned Officers

Aug. 27, 2024 | By Unshin Lee Harpley

The Space Force’s highest ranking enlisted leader offered more details on a new training program for noncommissioned officers, the latest move by the service to customize its training and development enterprise.

“We went through the first couple of iterations of what are referred to as the ‘noncommissioned officer academy,’” Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force John F. Bentivegna said at the Senior Enlisted Leader International Summit on Aug 27. “We’ve done two or three iterations within the new fellowship model; it’s more an experience than traditional education. We just completed two of our senior noncommissioned officer fellowship experiences. We’re learning after each iteration.”

The service first introduced the fellowships this spring, marking a shift for its Forrest L. Vosler Non-Commissioned Officer Academy. Chief Master Sgt. April Brittain, Vosler Academy commandant, said at the time that “the curriculum that we were using was Airman-centric and just wasn’t catered enough to the service needs that we see in front of us.”

In particular, the fellowships focuses less on traditional academic approaches like lectures and more on “foundational Space Force competencies” and dynamic, engaged learning, according to officials.

Bentivegna said a timeline for finalizing this new noncommissioned training is pending. But it marks yet another step in the Space Force’s shift toward transforming its PME. Back in October 2022, the service announced it was partnering with Johns Hopkins University for officer intermediate- and senior-level developmental education instead of establishing a War College.

And in February, the service announced plans for a new Officer Training Course that will cover intelligence, cyber, and space operations—all three career fields of the Space Force. The inaugural course is set to kick off next week at Peterson Space Force Base, Colo. Over the course of 12 months, future officers will learn a comprehensive set of space skills. They will only focus in on one area after that.

“We’re looking at how we redefine professional military education to be unique and targeted towards the Guardians, so they thrive and succeed in the operational environment,” Bentivegna said.

Bentivegna stressed the importance of these efforts, particularly at a time when actively controlling the space domain, rather than merely defending it, is essential.

“It’s the space superiority—controlling the domain—that is extremely vital, and that’s what we’re focusing on as a service,” said Bentivegna. “It’s not just about protecting the capabilities that we have or providing them to our coalition allies and the joint force, to ensure that GPS is there, the SATCOM is there, but we have a responsibility. The domain has changed, how do we train our guardians, specifically our enlisted guardians, for the fight?”

Both China and Russia have made rapid advances in space recently, military and global leaders have warned in the last few months. Bentivegna highlighted in particular the scale of their forces:

Russia, which first created a space force known as VKS in 1992, has seen it dissolve and reform several times over the decades. Reestablished in 2015 as part of its Aerospace Force, the VKS boasted around 165,000 personnel before the beginning of the Ukraine conflict.

China established its Strategic Support Force (SSF) in 2015, which included a Space Systems Department responsible for space operations. The SSF, with an estimated 145,000 personnel in 2022, was dissolved and replaced by the Aerospace Force in April this year. It is now integrated into China’s military structure as one of four services.

The U.S. Space Force currently has about 14,000 Guardians. Bentivegna noted that the branch is on track to reach its recruiting goal of 15,000 Guardians by the end of the year. Of this total, nearly 5,000 will be enlisted members.

When Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman redefined the roles of officers, enlisted personnel, and civilians in the service earlier this year, he described the enlisted force as “technical specialists” and “weapon system experts,” while also noting their leadership contributions. Bentivegna echoed this view, underscoring the sought-after expertise of Guardians across combatant commands, joint staff, and other agencies.

“That’s a bit of a change in philosophy in space operations,” said Bentivegna. “What you can really do is tap into the maturity and talent of the enlisted Guardians and empower them to take on more in day-to-day execution. We’re training and developing them to embrace these responsibilities.”

Clearing the Air On the Nellis Boonie Hat Controversy

Aug. 27, 2024 | By David Roza

A social media storm kicked off earlier this month after the commander of the 99th Air Base Wing at Nellis Air Force Base, Nev., was denied permission to authorize his Airmen to wear camouflaged floppy campaign hats, known popularly as boonie hats, to better weather the intense heat of the Las Vegas summer.

The denial sparked an outcry among Airmen and others on the unofficial Air Force subreddit and the Air Force amn/nco/snco Facebook page, where users criticized as unfair the decision by Gen. Kenneth S. Wilsbach, the head of Air Combat Command, to deny Col. Joshua D. DeMotts’ request. They cited the extreme summertime heat in not only Nevada, but across the continental U.S. Many said the decision exposed maintainers and other flightline Airmen to heightened skin cancer risks.

Wilsbach’s decision appears to conflict with other Air Force regulations authorizing commanders to ensure a safety and healthy working environment, but that authority varies based on the type and location of the Air Force unit involved.

As it turns out, Airmen on the Nellis flightline are allowed to wear boonie hats—and have been for at least 18 years, according to a spokesperson at Nellis Air Force Base. Department of the Air Force Instruction (DAFI) 21-101, which governs aircraft and equipment maintenance management, authorizes the commander of the 57th Maintenance Group, which oversees flightline maintenance at Nellis, to designate personal protective equipment (PPE) for maintenance Airmen on the flightline based on guidelines from the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the spokesperson said.

The trouble for DeMotts is that most of his Airmen work on the main base, not the flightline. The non-flying 99th Air Base Wing oversees base operations and support functions, while the 57th Wing, of which the 57th Maintenance Group is a component, oversees much of the flightline activities.

DeMotts sought relief for his Airmen in July. “Due to extreme heat at Nellis AFB that tops 120-degrees during the summer, it is imperative to adjust aspects of the uniform to ensure appropriate protection is afforded to our Airmen performing their duties,” the colonel wrote in his memo to Wilsbach. “The boonie hat will allow the relief of excess body heat and protection for the neck and face from the intense summer sun.”

Wilsbach denied the request. When asked why the request was denied, his staff said in a response to Air & Space Forces Magazine: “Local commanders may request exceptions to policy outside of current Department of the Air Force instruction, and it is within the ACC commander’s authority to approve or disapprove.”

The situation seems to be different for flightlines: Air Force guidance states “each base will develop a local flightline clothing policy that addresses wearing of hats, badges, and passes aimed at [foreign object debris] prevention while considering climate and safety.”

The Nellis spokesperson said that authorizes the 57th Maintenance Group commander to consider not only wide-brimmed hats, but also shorts, lightweight work pants, ballistic sunglasses, and other forms of PPE clothing. That authority also lines up with OSHA’s direction that “employers are to use effective forms of protection such as wide-brim hats and long sleeve clothing,” the Nellis spokesperson pointed out.

However, other Airmen who work outside, such as Security Forces, civil engineers, and communications specialists, are not covered by flightline policies. The Nellis spokesperson said recent revisions to Department of the Air Force Instruction 36-2903, which governs dress and personal appearance, raised the waiver authority required to permit boonie hats for those Airmen all the way to the top of the major command, which for the 99th Air Base Wing is ACC.

“This applies to portions of the main base,” said the Nellis spokesperson. “Main base is defined as being outside of the flight line, weapons storage area, and other similar areas.” That’s why DeMotts, as the commander of a non-flying air base wing, had to ask ACC headquarters for permission to authorize boonie hats.

The complicated lines of authority seem to conflict with a separate Air Force instruction directing unit commanders to “provide workers a safe and healthy work environment … including thermal illness prevention.”

Senior Airman Tyler Horschel and Airman Taylor Howard, 386th Expeditionary Aircraft Maintenance Squadron crew chiefs, inspect the horizontal stabilizer of a C-130J Super Hercules at Ali Al Salem Air Base, Kuwait, March 22, 2023. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Nicholas Larsen)

Making matters even more complicated is an ongoing concern over standards and military discipline, fueled in part by the Air Force’s sweeping preparations for possible future conflict with China. In June, Wilsbach ordered inspections for the nearly 80,000 Airmen under his command to ensure they were meeting dress and appearance standards.

“[W]hile the majority of Airmen maintain professional standards, there is a discernible decline in the commitment to, and enforcement of, military standards in the Air Force,” he said at the time, arguing that attention to standards is essential to prepare for near-peer conflict.

“What I learned many years ago is if you pay attention to the details, when it gets hard and you need to do something difficult, because you’ve been disciplined to pay attention to the details, you can be good and you can succeed,” he said earlier this summer.

In July, a supplement dated May 20 circulated through social media that would limit the use of cold weather clothes such as beanies and fleeces to only certain colors, places, and times of year for Airmen assigned to ACC. While the supplement was in draft form and had no expected date of being implemented, Airmen assigned to bases that are cold most of the year, or who work in heavily air-conditioned data centers, worried what the changes would mean for them.

But while the Air Force values standards, some standards are enforced more than others. Retired Master Sgt. Chris McGhee, a former F-16 fighter jet maintainer, said regs for “Black Flag” extreme heat days require 20 minutes of moderate physical work be followed by 40 minutes rest, or 70 minutes of work followed by several hours’ rest.

“Certainly, on the flightline we sought shade and rest where we could, but it was a running joke that we were even close to this work/rest cycle,” said McGhee, who is now a VA disability attorney.

The Air Force wants to train how it fights, but some dress and appearance standards change depending on one’s proximity to the fight. For example, Air Force regulations allow Airmen to wear boonie hats while deployed but not at home station unless authorized by their major command, despite many home stations being just as hot as bases across the Middle East.

McGhee recalled weeks at Luke Air Force Base, Ariz., located about 240 miles southeast of Nellis, where the reported temperatures pushed north of 115 degrees, while the actual temperature on a hot concrete ramp surrounded by F-16s may have been north of 130 or 140 degrees.

“At the time I had a two-gallon water jug that I used at work, and I was drinking two of those per day,” he said. “My T-shirt was caked with salt from my sweat and at the end of the day was stiff as if I had used an excessive amount of starch.”

Maintainers from Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota, service and inspect the B-1B Lancer at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar, July 30, 2018. (Air Force photo by Tech Sgt. Arthur Wright)

Air Force patrol hats or baseball caps are authorized more widely than boonie hats, but boonie hats provide better protection from the sun and greater relief from the heat, according to the Australian government’s Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, though the agency cautioned that any hat needs to be combined with other protections such as sunscreen, sunglasses, and proper clothing to be effective.

Though not bald, McGhee wound up getting a biopsy about halfway through his career for some concerning moles on his scalp.

“They were determined to be potentially cancerous and they were removed, which ended up giving me visible scars on my head,” he said. Air Combat Command declined to respond to concerns on social media that greater exposure to the sun contributes to skin cancer.

There are plenty of vectors for carcinogens in the Air Force, such as firefighting chemicals, dilapidated dormitories, and radiation-emitting radars and jamming equipment. But social media users pointed to boonie hats as a low-lift way to reduce the risk and improve quality of life. Fort Bliss, Texas, authorized boonie caps for Soldiers back in October to offer some relief from the El Paso sunshine.

McGhee argued that waivers to Air Force regulations are supposed to serve as a pathway for common sense solutions to specific problems.

“When people or organizations submit waivers that are common sense solutions, and those waivers are denied, it undermines the trust of those below the waiver authority that the authority either has the intelligence, empathy, or both that would make them a capable leader,” he said.

Air Force Delivers Its First EA-37 Electronic Attack Aircraft to Home Base

Aug. 27, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

The Air Force’s first mission-ready EA-37 Compass Call aircraft flew into Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Ariz., last week, the start of a major upgrade to the service’s electronic warfare fleet.

Air Combat Command boss Gen. Kenneth S. Wilsbach, 16th Air Force commander Lt. Gen. Thomas Hensley, and 55th Wing commander Col. Mark Howard all flew on the new aircraft to deliver it to its new home Aug. 23 and hailed its arrival as a key moment for the Air Force.

“The EA-37B is the right choice right now because as we continue to pivot toward great power competition, we have adversaries that are developing long-range kill chain ecosystems and anti-access area denial capabilities,” Hensley said in a statement. “The Compass Call will allow us to do things in the non-kinetic spectrum as well as the electromagnetic spectrum to give us the advantage and not them.”

The EA-37 is replacing the EC-130H Compass Call, which is aging and struggling—at the end of fiscal 2023, there were just six remaining aircraft in the fleet, with an average age of 49 years and a mission capable rate of just 33 percent. Since then, another aircraft has been retired, leaving just five.

“The EC-130 has served its purpose for years, but this new airframe and its delivery mean that we have a combat-credible threat,” Howard said.

Based on a Gulfstream G550 business jet modified by L3Harris, the EA-37’s mission hardware is built by BAE. Back in September 2023, the first jet was delivered to the Air Force for testing.

The new jet will be able to conduct jamming of radars, electronic systems and communications. The aircraft will also play a role in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) mission by disrupting an enemy’s ability to coordinate sensors and command-and-control weapon batteries that target friendly aircraft.

It will also have better speed and altitude than the EC-130—the EA-37B can fly at 40,000 feet and 600 knots versus the EC-130’s ceiling of 25,000 feet and 300 knots.

At Davis-Monthan, the first aircraft will be used for pilot training to start, with another jet scheduled to arrive before the end of the year and five more in 2025. All told, the service plans to buy 10 of the new aircraft.

It’s all part of series of changes to both the broader Air Force’s EW capabilities and Davis-Monthan’s assets.

Since the retirement of the EF-111 in the late 1990s, the service’s electronic attack capabilities have narrowed. The establishment of the 350th Spectrum Warfare Wing a few years ago has reignited focus on EW, and the new jet will add a fresh airborne element at a time when leaders said EW is only getting more and more important.

Meanwhile, Davis-Monthan is shifting from legacy platforms like the EC-130, HH-60G, and A-10 to new flying missions like the EA-37, the HH-60W, and a “Power Projection Wing” for Air Force Special Operations Command. The service also stood up one of its first Air Task Forces at the base last month.

ACE Calls for More Air Bases. Can Air Force and Army Find a Way to Defend Them All?

Aug. 27, 2024 | By Chris Gordon

The U.S. Air Force’s plan to operate from an expanded network of bases around the Pacific is facing a familiar but fundamental challenge: how to protect those locations from a Chinese missile attack.

Service leaders have wholeheartedly embraced the concept of Agile Combat Employment that calls for more operating locations, even those that are austere or remote. The idea is to make it more difficult for China to target American airpower in a potential fight, as the Air Force moves its planes from base to base.

But since China boasts a growing arsenal of ballistic and cruise missiles that could put many airfields within its reach, shifting aircraft from base to base is only part of the solution. The service also needs a way to protect its fleet and its Airmen on the ground.

“I would feel more confident if we had a more robust, active base defense, quite frankly,” Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. David W. Allvin told reporters recently. “That’s one of those where we’ve been working with the Army, and that’s something that the Department has taken on as a joint requirement that we need to improve our base defenses.”

Officially, defending bases against missile attacks is an Army mission. Army Patriot batteries protect Air Force installations in the Middle East, such as Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar, and Al Asad Air Base, Iraq. However, those systems are costly, and the Army has only a limited number of them. The Army is also experimenting with directed energy short-range laser air defenses in the Middle East, but that has yet to produce a sure-fire defense.

In the Middle East, where Iranian-supplied missiles are a primary threat, American air bases have not yet come under a barrage that has crippled manned aircraft. The approximately 180 attacks that Iran-backed militias have carried out with a variety of missiles, one-way attack drones, and rockets in Iraq, Syria, and Jordan have been directed against U.S. troops.

But the threat is real; a few years ago, under the leadership of former U.S. Center Command boss Gen. Kenneth F. McKenzie, the U.S. built an alternate Combined Air Operations Center at Shaw Air Force Base, S.C., so the Air Force would not be wholly reliant on its CAOC command and control hub at Al Udeid should it become the target of a large salvo of Iranian missiles.

A Patriot PAC-2 missile battery prepares to move into the firing position during an exercise at Al Udeid Air Base, Qatar, March 4, 2015. U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. James Hodgman

“The capacity and accuracy of adversary long-range strikes have altered combat paradigms and threaten to drive U.S. combat aircraft to rear-area bases that are at less risk of attack but too distant from the operational battlespace to enable combat-relevant operations,” J. Michael Dahm of the Mitchell Institute for Aerospace Studies wrote in a recent report. “The current capabilities and capacities of both active and passive air defenses are inadequate to sufficiently protect U.S. air bases and other critical facilities on adversary target lists, especially in the Indo-Pacific.”

The Air Force and Army say they are working to solve the problem jointly—an effort that is led by the No. 2 officer and civilian on the Air Force side, Vice Chief of Staff Gen. James C. “Jim” Slife and Undersecretary of the Air Force Melissa Dalton.

Those Air Force officials “are working on this real-time with the Department of the Army,” Dalton told Air & Space Forces Magazine at an event at the Brookings Institution in late July. “That is an Army mission.”

While the need for the capability is clear, ensuring that the Air Force and Army efforts are properly resourced and synchronized is key.

“What the Department is endeavoring to do together is to ensure that we are able to project power forward in these types of contested environments,” Dalton said. “And so it is going to require us rowing forward together and defining the specific requirements and timing and sequencing of how we’re going to pull those pieces together.”

But there are fresh challenges on the horizon, too. New threats such as drone swarms have appeared, along with the low-cost rocket and drone attacks Iran and Iranian-aligned groups have used.

In Europe, the array of Russian drones, ground-launched missiles, and stand-off air-launched missiles has been a focus of Gen. James B. Hecker, the commander of U.S. Air Forces in Europe, who has a team working on the problem.

“We will never have enough base defense assets that I can protect every single base 24/7 here,” Hecker told Air & Space Forces Magazine recently. “It only works to move the assets inside of their targeting cycle. We’ve got to make sure that we move them quite often. And then, you know, with everything coming in, something’s going to get through eventually. So you have to make sure you have an adequate rapid runway repair model so that you can repair airfields when you do have a leaker that gets through. And then you have to do some passive things, as well: decoys and those kinds of things used to keep them off balance.”

Allvin also underscored the importance of improving base defense.

“If we can’t have them [everywhere], we want to have them be able to decide where to place them, which means they need to be mobile enough to be able to not just be fixed,” Allvin said of advanced missile defense systems. “That’s some of the cleverness that has to happen with this, as well as the ability to rapidly move.”

The ultimate goal is to make it harder for the enemy to attack a target, real or simulated.

“Old-school things of camouflage, concealment, and deception are still alive and well; we just need to upgrade them to a 21st-century context,” Allvin said. “So the idea [is] still being able to make it a targeting calculus problem for the adversary, where they don’t know if that’s a real thing or if it’s a fake thing. ‘Should I spend a missile on it? Should I spend five missiles on it?'”

“There’s been dialogue and an understanding between the Army and the Air Force and [the Office of the Secretary of Defense] that we will work together,” Allvin said. “The Army is sorting out how to do it for air bases. They also have their own for their maneuver elements as well. But they are pursuing some things specifically, some areas specifically, with us to support Agile Combat Employment.”

As F-15C Presence on Kadena Winds Down, F-15EX Program Ramps Up

Aug. 26, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

A four-ship of F-15Cs departed Kadena Air Base on Okinawa, Japan, Aug. 24, leaving only a small number of Eagles still on the island after 40 years of being the Air Force’s tip of the spear in the Indo-Pacific. Service officials said the remaining Eagles will depart “soon.”

Meanwhile, the initial cadre of F-15EXs, which will eventually replace the F-15C/Ds at Kadena, has been declared operational in Oregon, and contracts for further lots of Eagle IIs are close to being made final.

“The four-ship’s departure marks just one milestone on the road to replacing the F-15C Eagles and ushering in a new era of air superiority with the F-15EX Eagle IIs,” the 18th Wing at Kadena said in a press release.

Without offering details, the 18th Wing said some of the aircraft that departed Aug. 26 will go to the “Boneyard” at Davis Monthan Air Force Base, Ariz., while others “will be used at other Air Force units.”

On Aug. 15, the wing put out a release noting that one of its F-15Cs had conducted its last flight ever before being dismantled at Kadena and shipped back to the U.S. Presumably, its structural condition is so fragile that it could not be flown across the Pacific. The jets date back to the 1980s and ’90s, and have become increasingly structurally- and speed-limited as they have flown beyond their planned service lives.

“The final flight of the remaining F-15C Eagles out of Kadena is yet to be determined,” the 18th Wing said.

The Air Force raised eyebrows when it announced in October 2022 that it would phase out its F-15s from Kadena over the next two years without an immediate replacement in hand. A rotation of fighters including F-15Es, F-16s, F-35s, and F-22s has supplemented the force on Okinawa as the F-15C/D cohort has drawn down.

“As we divest the F-15 C/Ds, we remain committed to a phase-in/phase-out approach with backfill aircraft to maintain presence and operational readiness,” a Pacific Air Forces spokesperson said.

In July, the Pentagon announced the permanent replacement for the 48 F-15C/Ds of the 44th and 67th Fighter Squadrons on Okinawa would be 36 F-15EXs. Though 12 fewer, the new aircraft boast additional weapon stations, new electronic warfare suites, fly-by-wire flight controls, a far more powerful set of processors, and new cockpit displays. The notional date for fully equipping Kadena with the F-15EX is 2026.

The Air Force’s very first operational F-15EX arrived at Portland Air National Guard Base, Ore., in June. When the second fighter arrived shortly thereafter, Air Combat Command boss Gen. Kenneth Wilsbach, declared Initial Operational Capability for the type. It’s the first time the Air National Guard has gotten a new-type fighter before the Active-Duty force.

Declaring IOC was one element of “a significant year of accomplishments” for the F-15EX, Brig. Gen. Jason D. Voorheis, program executive officer for fighters and advanced aircraft, said at USAF’s Life Cycle Industry Days conference on July 29.

“Boeing successfully delivered the first eight F-15EX Lot 1 production aircraft,” he said. Six went to Eglin Air Force Base, Fla., for combined initial and developmental operational test and evaluation, while the other two went to the Portland Air Guard.

“Additional aircraft will deliver … starting in January 2025, from Lot 2,” and those deliveries will begin once Boeing completes production of the F-15QA for Qatar, on which the F-15EX is based.

The Air Force has divested 105 F-15C/Ds so far and if Congress permits, will divest another 77 next year, Voorhis noted.

He said Air Force acquisition executive Andrew Hunter approved full-rate production of the F-15EX in June, and “we’re very close to finishing negotiations with Boeing on both Lot 5 and Lot 6 production.”

The AN/ALQ-250 Eagle Passive Active Warning Survivability System (EPAWSS), the electronic warfare suite that will protect the F-15EX—which is not a stealthy aircraft—has completed test and evaluation “with very positive results from the operational test community,” Voorheis reported. The first F-15 equipped with EPAWSS went through Boeing’s modification line in San Antonio, Texas, in June, and has since gone to Nellis Air Force Base, Nev., he said.

The Air Force initially planned a fleet of 144 F-15EXs, but in the fiscal 2025 budget proposed limiting the fleet to just 98 aircraft. Congress may direct otherwise: the House Armed Services Committee, in its version of the 2025 budget, directed the purchase of an additional 24 aircraft, for a total fleet of 122 Eagle IIs. The budget has yet to be resolved and passed by Congress.

Can the Pentagon Get to the ‘Next Level’ of Space Domain Awareness?

Aug. 26, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

Retired Lt. Gen. John E. Shaw is often credited as the Pentagon’s trailblazer in advocating for dynamic space operations—maneuvering satellites in and between orbits and refueling them to better operate in a contested domain.

Now, he wants the military to get more dynamic in how it monitors and tracks objects and threats in orbit, as part of a broader shift and upgrade in space domain awareness, he said Aug. 26

“We’re still doing that old way of propagating orbits and debris and such and trying to catalog everything,” Shaw, the former deputy commander of U.S. Space Command, said during a SpaceNews webinar. “And we haven’t really gone to the next level of doing dynamic tracking of hard-to-detect and -track targets in nonstandard orbits. We really just haven’t gotten there, and we need to get there.”

Space Force, Space Command, and other Pentagon leaders have been talking about getting better at space domain awareness for years now, Shaw noted—from expanding how far they can monitor to being able to assign intent behind movements.

“And yet, the capability that’s being delivered to Space Command today isn’t significantly different from what existed five, six, seven years ago,” Shaw said.

It’s a capability Shaw compared to “looking for our keys under the lamppost.”

The former Space Force general isn’t alone in calling for enhanced SDA, as space domain awareness is known. Earlier this year, Chief of Space Operations Gen. B. Chance Saltzman said the service needs to invest in “actionable space domain awareness” that gives decision-makers more context and understanding of what’s happening in the domain.

And in June, Col. Bryon McClain, the program executive officer for SDA and combat power, said his office wants to open itself up to new ideas and technology from industry for the mission. A request for information the office issued included nods to the idea of satellites that can be refueled and move around to get closer to other objects on orbit—similar to the dynamic operations Shaw envisioned.

The essential question, Brian Weeden of the Aerospace Corporation said during the SpaceNews event, is “How do we get beyond just tracking things in space?”

Specifically, Weeden said, the Pentagon needs to get to a “holistic understanding of the space environment, the capabilities, the threats,” not just cataloging and tracking objects in orbit.

Yet that effort is hampered in part by the fact that just trying to catalog and track everything is no small feat—and getting even harder as more and more satellites are launched every year.

“We still haven’t solved the basic catalog maintenance orbital tracking problem. There are still hard challenges there,” Weeden said.

Space Delta 2 is the Space Force organization responsible for that problem and must keep tabs on more than 45,000 objects in orbit. The plan is to eventually transfer much of that responsibility for “traffic management” to the Department of Commerce, allowing the Space Force to focus on the kinds of domain awareness Shaw, Saltzman, and others want. That process has been hit with delays, but Commerce officials told SpaceNews last month that they are on the cusp of beta testing the new system.