Keeping the F-22 Credible Through 2030 Will Cost At Least $9 Billion, USAF Leaders Say

April 4, 2023 | By John A. Tirpak

Preserving the F-22 Raptor’s ability to prevail in air combat through the end of the decade will cost more than $9 billion, and that figure depends on lawmakers allowing the Air Force to divest 32 of the oldest fighters, according to budget documents, service spokespersons and USAF leadership’s Congressional testimony.

But if Congress doesn’t allow the retirements—an action taken in last year’s budget—the Air Force will have to rethink not only its F-22 plans but the Next-Generation Air Dominance program as well, since all the savings the service expects to reap from not operating, maintaining, or upgrading those 32 aircraft went into the NGAD account, senior officials said.

“Our budget assumes the success of that proposal” to retire the oldest F-22s, Air Force acquisition executive Andrew Hunter told the House Armed Services Committee’s tactical aviation panel in March 29 testimony.

The Air Force’s proposed fiscal year 2024-2028 spending on the F-22 amounts to $4.2 billion in procurement—with another $1.74 billion “to completion,” circa 2030—and $3.2 billion in research, development, test, and evaluation, for a total of $9.06 billion through the end of the decade. That figure doesn’t include operations and maintenance.

The biggest items are for “sensor enhancement”—requested at $4.13 billion—and reliability and maintainability upgrades, requested at $2.43 billion.

Other major procurement efforts include Link 16 modifications, identification, friend or foe systems, trainer and simulator modifications, anti-jam/anti-spoofing position, navigation, and timing enhancements and modifications to the F-22’s Pratt & Whitney F119 engines.

The Air Force also wants to spend $553 million on stealthy long-range fuel tanks and pylons. Budget documents call for 326 tanks and 286 pylons, which would give each aircraft at least two full sets of each. The F-22 can fly at speeds up to Mach 1.2 with the tanks and pylons, budget documents say.

The tanks and pylons, as well as stealthy-looking pods with an apparent dielectric front-end aperture, have been seen in flight test photos of F-22s captured around Lockheed’s Palmdale, Calif., facilities. They were also shown in an artist’s concept released by Air Combat Command last year, without an explanation of what the underwing stores are.

New sensors and stealthy fuel tanks dominate F-22 spending across the future years defense plan. — Air Combat Command’s Gen. Mark Kelly posted this conceptual image on Instagram of an F-22 firing the AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile in 2022, offering the first official glimpse of the new weapon. **USAF illustration**

Aviation experts speculate that the slender pods contain infrared search-and-track systems (IRST) and may have other sensors, as well. A former Lockheed program official has previously told Air & Space Forces Magazine that there is insufficient “real estate” within the F-22’s fuselage to host an IRST, an alternative method of detecting an adversary aircraft built with low radar cross section, like China’s J-20 fighter.

USAF spending plans would see F-22 procurement funding ramp up to over $1 billion a year in fiscal 2026 and 2027, dropping off sharply in 2028 to $426.8 billion. RDT&E on the fighter ends in 2028.

Counting previous spending going back to fiscal 2018, the Air Force is projecting the total cost of keeping the F-22 capable against current and future threats at $16.2 billion, according to an Air Force spokesperson. That comes to more than $100 million for each of the 148 or so F-22s the Air Force plans to retain.

The jets the Air Force wants to divest have been used for basic skills training and not been kept to the same configuration as the frontline fleet. Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall has said he estimates it would cost $50 million apiece to upgrade the them to the current operational fleet configuration, and considerably more to keep them consistent with the rest of the fleet on top of the cost of flying and maintaining them.

Though Air Combat Command has considered requesting funding to upgrade the old F-22s every year for at least eight years, the proposal has always lost out to higher priorities, former ACC commanders have said.

The Air Force asked Congress last year to retire the same 32 F-22s but was rebuffed. It’s asking again this year not only because those aircraft are “no longer operationally representative,” but the cost to bring them up to full capability would be “prohibitive,” Lt. Gen. Richard G. Moore, deputy chief of staff for plans and programs, told the HASC tactical aviation panel. They are also no longer competitive with China’s best stealth fighters, he said.

“Upgrading the Block 20s to a combat configuration is cost-prohibitive and very time intensive,” Moore testified. “Based on the most advanced weapons that an F-22 Block 20 can carry now, it is not competitive with the [Shenyang] J-20, with the most advanced weapons the Chinese can put on it.”

And while the Air Force typically does not specify which cost-saving moves pay for which new programs, “in this case, all of the resources that came from the Block 20 went directly to NGAD, and we believe that we must get to NGAD in order to be able to continue confronting Chinese aggression into the ‘30s,” Moore said. “And so that, to us, was a trade that was worth making.”

Opponents of the F-22 divestment argue the Air Force can continue to use the jets for training, but Moore said the configuration of the cockpit is so different from that of frontline aircraft that “there’s negative learning that occurs.” Pilots have to “unlearn some of the things that they learned in the Block 20 when they go to an operational aircraft.”

Pressed by panel members on what the Air Force will do if not permitted to retire the oldest F-22s, Moore said the answer will depend on the level of funding appropriated for the F-22 program

As for what would happen to the NGAD account—since that is where the F-22 savings are supposed to go—Moore replied, “I couldn’t say. … We’ll have to work with the Congress and determine how we’ll make the F-22 program make it to the end of the year, in the event that divestiture is prohibited but continued operations are not appropriated.”

In any event, an Air Force spokesperson told Air & Space Forces Magazine the service “does not plan to modernize these aircraft to a comparable configuration to receive the majority of the planned F-22 upgrades.”

Neither the F-22 nor NGAD accounts include funding for the AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile (JATM), which is to be their primary weapon.

A New Air Force-Wide Study Is Analyzing Suicides to Improve Prevention Efforts

April 4, 2023 | By David Roza

The Air Force expects the final report of a sweeping, first-of-its-kind suicide analysis board in the next few months, as the department looks to refine its prevention and response efforts.

The Department of the Air Force partnered with suicide researchers at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences to complete the study, pulling information from personnel records, investigation reports, medical records, and Department of Defense Suicide Event Reports (DoDSER) and compiling over 1,000 data points for each person who died by suicide. The final report is due this spring, Lt. Gen. Caroline Miller, deputy chief of staff for manpower, personnel, and services, wrote in a statement delivered to the House Armed Services Committee at a personnel posture hearing March 29.

The Air Force “looks to enhance our practices by systematically analyzing factors, identifying aggregated findings and lessons, and delivering generalizable and actionable recommendations to reduce suicide,” Miller said.

Before this analysis board was commissioned, the Air Force’s major commands each performed an annual suicide analysis board where service leaders and subject matter experts reviewed suicide deaths and submitted a report to the Air Force’s integrated resilience office. This new board expands that approach by applying the framework of the Department of Defense’s Standardized Suicide Fatality Analysis to the entire Department of the Air Force.

“This report represents the first standardized and public health-driven methodology for conducting suicide death reviews across the DAF,” Air Force spokesperson Maj. Tanya Downsworth told Air & Space Forces Magazine. “The final reports will include actionable recommendations to inform DAF suicide prevention, intervention, and postvention programming.”

The new board is expected to increase the reliability of the department’s findings, as well the “generalizability of identified lessons learned and recommendations,” she said.

Risk Factors

When the Pentagon released its annual suicide report Oct. 20, it showed the total number and rate of services members who died by suicide declined from 2020 to 2021, a small sign of progress amid a general upward trend over the past decade. For example, the Air Force and Space Force lost 51 Active-Duty Airmen and Guardians to suicide in 2021, compared to 82 in 2020.

“While we are cautiously encouraged by the drop in these numbers, one year is not enough time to assess real change,” Beth Foster, the executive director of the Pentagon’s office for force resiliency, told reporters at the time. “We need to see a sustained long-term reduction in suicide rates to know if we are making progress.”

In the meantime, the Department of Defense and the Air Force are working to identify patterns and risk factors to help better inform prevention efforts. Miller told Congress on March 29 that after accounting for age and sex differences, the suicide rate for Active-Duty Department of the Air Force personnel was 13.9 per 100,000 people, which she said was “lower than the historical U.S. rate for a comparable demographic pool.”

The largest demographic subset of Airmen and Guardians to have died by suicide in 2021 were single enlisted men below the age of 30, between the ranks of E-1 and E-4, using a firearm, Miller said. Male Airmen and Guardians are 3.3 times more at risk of dying by suicide compared to female Airmen and Guardians, while Airmen and Guardians at the age of 30 or younger are at an increased risk of suicide than their counterparts over the age of 30.

Miller also said more than 60 percent of the Airmen who died by suicide had access to some kind of lethal means in their household. Data collected in 2021 showed that less than 15 percent of those Airmen had safely stored their firearms in safes with locks or outside the home, which the Department of the Air Force recommends as part of its effort to put time and space between suicidal service members and lethal means

To encourage so-called time-based prevention, the Air Force distributed over 202,000 locks, safe storage training materials, and firearm retailer tool kits, Miller said. The service wants to “build a culture in which safe storage is commonplace, accelerating our efforts to save lives by reducing immediate access to firearms for those in distress” and by preventing accidental firearm-related injuries or deaths, the general added.

Beyond firearms, Miller said that last year, 18 percent of Airmen and Guardians who died by suicide were facing legal and administrative problems at the time of their deaths. To address this issue, Miller pointed out the Limited Privilege Suicide Prevention Program, which gives increased confidentiality with mental health care providers to Airmen or Guardians who may be at risk for suicide after hearing they are under investigation for possible UCMJ violations.

Another program aimed at the issue is the Investigative Interview Warm Hand-Off policy, where after an interview with an Airmen under investigation, the investigator will hand that Airmen off to their commander or first sergeant. According to Air Force policy, the commander or first sergeant must then run through a check list to make sure the Airman has access to mental health care.

Policies

The Air Force’s findings so far share much in common with those of the Pentagon. In February, the Pentagon’s Suicide Prevention and Response Independent Review Committee (SPRIRC) released a report which made 127 recommendations to enhance suicide prevention efforts across the force. The recommendations were grouped into high, moderate, and low priority, though some of the high-priority measures could prove controversial.

For example, seven of the report’s 23 high-priority recommendations involved more closely regulating the purchase and storage of firearms by service members. One involved raising the minimum age for purchasing firearms and ammunition on Department of Defense property to 25, while another was to implement a seven-day waiting period for any firearm purchased on Department of Defense property.

In its report, SPRIRC wrote that 66 percent of Active-duty suicides involved a firearm, as did 72 percent and 78 percent of Reserve and National Guard suicides, respectively.

A policy to limit firearm availability had a positive impact on Israeli suicide prevention efforts, SPRIRC pointed out. But implementing some of these measures could require Congress to repeal sections of military law, a tall order given some lawmakers’ fierce opposition to gun control laws.

A separate Pentagon working group is expected to present an implementation plan to Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III in June. In her statement to Congress, Miller said the Department of the Air Force “stands ready” to put that plan into action. In the meantime, the service wants to continue to better understand the problem.

“Moving forward, we intend to examine all suicide deaths from 2018-2021 and each year after as we strive toward zero deaths by suicide,” Miller said.

Speed, Cost, Performance—In That Order—Key to SDA’s Successful Tranche 0 Launch, Director Says

April 3, 2023 | By Chris Gordon

The Space Development Agency successfully got its Tranche 0 satellites off the ground April 2, two and half years after it first awarded the contracts.

Those two and a half years included a few extra days of delays, but when a SpaceX rocket lifted off from Vandenberg Space Force Base carrying 10 satellites—eight for transporting and relaying data and two for missile tracking—it put SDA’s vision for the future into orbit for the first time. Tranche 0 is part of Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA). The April 2 shot was the SDA’s first dedicated launch and the first launch of PWSA. Beyond the new names and acronyms, the SDA hopes to inject something else new into the DOD: speed.

“We were established to be the disrupter to come up with a completely new way to do space architecture,” SDA director Derek M. Tournear said April 3.

“By hook or by crook, we will get new capabilities fielded in space every two years,” Tournear said at the Navy League’s Sea-Air-Space conference in National Harbor, Md.

The SDA, now part of the Space Force, eventually wants to put hundreds of small satellites in orbit as part of proliferated constellations. The Space Force as a whole hopes to make launching satellites an essential but commonplace part of the Department of Defense—just like the service itself. But SDA will have to make compromises the U.S. government has previously been reluctant to make.

“That means that we cannot go with what is the most exquisite capability,” Tournear said. “We’re going to go with what we can deliver in two years based on what is commoditized technology, what industry can deliver, and that’s what we’re going to push forward. We will put schedule above costs, and we’ll put cost above performance to make sure we hit those timelines.”

The first tranche is what the SDA calls the Warfighter Immersion Layer to give the DOD a way to test out the new systems. The majority of the Tranche 0 satellites, 20 of 28, are for data transport using Link 16, the military’s standard tactical data link. The SDA hopes all of Tranche 0 will be in orbit by June.

The new satellites will “demonstrate low latency connectivity for laser communication” as well as the first ever use of the Link 16 tactical data network directly from space, Tournear said. Bringing Link 16 into space would allow service members to communicate further—important in the vast Indo-Pacific region that is the DOD’s new primary focus.

“Historically, they use their tactical radios to conduct operations and they’ve been limited to a range of a few hundred nautical miles,” Tournear said. “Well, that’s fine if you’re conducting limited operations. But if you’re going to start to prosecute hundreds and hundreds of targets rapidly, you’re going to have to pull in targeteers from all over the globe. Being able to tie into the space transport layer allows you to do that. So you can have people targeting distributed across the globe in a very resilient fashion and send those targeting solutions.”

The other element of PWSA—at least for now—is missile tracking. While Tranche 0 will first track test objects, Tournear says the SDA wants to eventually tackle complex threats.

“We’re going to field a constellation that does advanced missile tracking,” Tournear said. “You’ve heard a lot about these advanced hypersonic glide vehicles, hypersonic weapons. We’ll actually be able to track them so that we can send firing solutions.”

For now, those are just the SDA’s plans. But in less than two years—under the agency’s self-imposed deadline—the SDA’s Tranche 1 will become a new capability available to the U.S. military.

“Tranche 1, which begins launching in just 18 months, will actually be the first initial warfighting capability,” Tournear said “At that point, so now we’re talking in 2025, we’ll be able to have the ability to take the fight to regional theater and bring these technologies to bear.”

The Air Force’s Final MC-130H Heads to the Boneyard

April 3, 2023 | By Greg Hadley

The Talon has officially been retracted.

The Air Force’s final MC-130H Combat Talon II, Tail Number 89-0280, made its last flight April 2, taking off from Hurlburt Field, Fla., with a crew including members of the 15th Special Operations Squadron and led by AFSOC commander Lt. Gen. Tony D. Bauernfeind, a long-time MC-130H pilot.

The Combat Talon II, a variant of the C-130H, was a stalwart special operations tanker and mobility aircraft used extensively for infiltration, exfiltration, and covert resupply for missions in hostile and denied territory from the early 1990s until now.

“I’ve spent a majority of my career being around this amazing airplane, its maintainers and operational support staff,” Bauernfeind said in a release from the 1st Special Operations Wing. “I felt that it should be sent off right, knowing full well that we’re capturing its heritage.”

Families, friends, and former MC-130H crew joined in the ceremony at Hurlburt, reflecting on the unofficial “Talon Standard” motto they said defined the Airmen who flew the 24 Combat Talon II aircraft.

“The ‘Talon Standard’ means holding yourself and your crew to the highest standard,” Lt. Col. Andrew Fisher, an MC-130H pilot assigned to the 5th Special Operations Squadron, said in the release. That storied history included the 1997 Mackay Trophy, which went to a Combat Talon II crew for rescuing 56 people in the Republic of the Congo in the midst of a civil war, and operations in Afghanistan and Iraq during operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, Inherent Resolve, and Resolute Support. Other missions included humanitarian operations in Japan, Haiti, and Nepal.

Replacing the MC-130Hs are newer MC-130J Commando II aircraft, that can refuel rotary aircraft from wing-mounted external fuel tanks and drogue refueling pods. The MC-130J already replaced all the MC-130P Combat Shadows, the last one in 2015. To date, 56 of 64 planned MC-130Js have been delivered to operational units, an AFSOC spokeswoman told Air & Space Forces Magazine. The final MC-130J delivery is anticipated in fiscal 2025.

After three decades of service, the MC-130H fleet was beginning to break down. AFSOC held a safety stand-down last year after cracked propeller parts were found on some C-130Hs, a problem likely caused by maintainers etching serial numbers onto the propellers after inspections. The AFSOC spokeswoman said the entire fleet was inspected. Waivers were granted to fly the aircraft one-way to the Boneyard at Davis-Montham Air Force Base, Ariz., where they will be set to rest in the dry desert air.

The last flight of the Combat Talon II brings to three the number of small fleets recently retired from service. The MC-130Hs join the RC-26 Condo reconnaissance aircraft, used for both counterdrug and homeland security missions, and the C-145 Combat Coyote short-takeoff-and-landing aircraft as taking their last flights in the past five months. The RC-26 Condos began winding down operations in late 2022, as did the C-145 Combat Coyotes.

Space Force Finishes Fit Testing New Uniforms, Targets 2025 Delivery

April 3, 2023 | By David Roza

The Space Force is one step closer to delivering its service dress uniform to every Guardian. On March 30, the service announced it had completed its final service dress uniform fit test, where 100 Guardians worldwide tried on the uniform prototype for proper sizing and fit.

Col. James Jenkins, director of the Space Force Change Management Team, said his office is working fast to finish the uniform in line with the feedback they have received from Guardians.

“From the word ‘go’ we have been committed to keeping Guardian feedback at the forefront of developing the service dress,” he said in a press release. “We know Guardians are excited for a uniform they can call their own and we are accelerating as quickly as possible to deliver a product they can wear with pride.”

Now that the fit test is complete, the next step is the wear test, where selected Guardians will wear the uniform three times a week and provide feedback on its durability, functionality and comfort. The wear test starts this summer, and the Space Force expects to deliver the service dress uniform across the branch in late 2025.

The prototype of the service dress uniform was first revealed at the 2021 AFA Air, Space, and Cyber conference. Some observers criticized the uniform for resembling outfits from science fiction and for being too baggy. The Air Force Uniform Office went to work making the pants fit better, and the uniform went on a “roadshow” to Space Force installations across the globe in order to get their feedback.

Then-Chief of Space Operations Gen. John W. “Jay” Raymond said the prototype actually enjoyed 81 percent approval from Guardians.

“If you get 81 percent on anything, it’s a home run,” Raymond told Air & Space Forces Magazine at the time.

“We listened intently to Guardian design and fit requests,” Wade Yamada, Space Force deputy director of staff, said in the March 30 press release. “In many ways, Guardians helped select our current service dress design.”

Addressing the criticism that the uniforms resemble those seen in Hollywood, the New York Times pointed out in 2021 that the uniforms of the original “Star Trek” television show resembled Navy uniforms.

The Space Force uses the Operational Camouflage Pattern uniform as its duty uniform like the Army and Air Force, with “Space Blue” name tape, Space Force badge, and grade insignia. The service has also unveiled its own PT gear: black shorts with a version of the service’s delta logo in white, and a gray T-shirt bearing the stylized words “Space Force” in white on the back.

BAE Systems to Produce Upgraded Electronic Warfare Suites for F-35

April 3, 2023 | By John A. Tirpak

BAE Systems has received a $491 million contract from Lockheed Martin to produce AN/ASQ-239 electronic warfare suites for the Block 4 version of the F-35 fighter, the company announced April 3. The award follows a $493 million contract in December 2022.

Meanwhile, Lt. Gen. Michael Schmidt, director of the F-35 Joint Program Office, said the F-35 Tech Refresh 3, which will underwrite the new EW suite, will be ready in 2024.

BAE’s work will be done in support of Lot 17 F-35s, with production under the contract starting in mid-2024 and continuing into 2025. The company did not say how many suites the contract covers. BAE has delivered 1,200 F-35 EW systems to date, it noted in a release. The suites are shipped to Lockheed’s Fort Worth, Texas facilities, where they are installed on production aircraft, a BAE spokesman said.

The previous award covered “development and maturation of the Block 4 EW baseline,” the company said at the time, while the new award covers production.

The updated EW suite is considered one of the centerpieces of the Block 4 upgrade, made possible by the Tech Refresh 3—called TR-3 for short—which includes improvements to the aircraft’s processor and other upgrades which recently entered flight testing.

Speaking with reporters at the Navy League’s Sea-Air-Space conference in National Harbor, Md., Schmidt said he feels confident that TR-3 will deliver in 2024.

“I stand behind that window,” he said.

“We were late in hardware development and delivery. The hardware now is there, it’s reliable. … The yield has been a little tough, but it’s been a lot better in the last few weeks, which makes a difference because we’re feeding the labs, the flight test aircraft and the production line,” Schmidt said, adding that contractors and program officials have been working on getting TR-3 into and through testing “seven days a week since Labor Day weekend.”

The AN/ASQ-239, which works in both the radio-frequency and infrared parts of the spectrum, includes “significantly upgraded hardware and software that improves sensing and signal-processing capabilities,” the company said. The improved sensors will increase the F-35’s ability to detect “difficult-to-observe threats” as well as process more threats simultaneously. The improvements include the Digital Channelized Receiver Techniques Generator and Tuner Insertion Program, or DTIP.

The upgrade also includes the Non-Intrusive Electronic Warfare Test Solution (NIEWTS) fault isolation and diagnostics capability. The NIEWST is meant to reduce maintenance costs through more precise troubleshooting.

On its website, BAE said the improved AN/ASQ-239 delivers full functionality “in a smaller footprint, reducing volume and power requirements and creating space for future upgrades,” as well as “improved reliability and maintainability,” with an architecture to allow “continuous capability development,” which allows rapid future upgrades.

“The flexibility of our active production line will allow us to seamlessly transition to the Block 4 design without skipping a beat,” Chris Rossi, BAE director of F-35 production, said in a press release. The system is designed and manufactured at BAE’s Manchester and Nashua, N.H., facilities.

BAE said the AN/ASQ-239 “provides F-35s with fully integrated offensive and defense EW capabilities, including long-range threat warning, self-protection, and targeting support. It provides 360-degree, full-spectrum situational awareness and rapid-response capabilities—allowing the F-35 to evade, engage, counter, and jam threats, and reach well-defended targets.”

The company also builds the F-35’s aft fuselage and vehicle management computer and makes the Eagle Passive Active Warning and Survivability System (EPAWSS), which will equip the F-15E and F-15EX fighters.

Can Gas-Hauling Cargo Planes Fuel the Air Force in the Pacific?

April 3, 2023 | By David Roza

The Air Force’s largest aircraft transformed into an oversized fuel transport this past February, when a C-5M Super Galaxy from the 9th Airlift Squadron landed at Dover Air Force Base, Del. and kept half its engines running while Airmen pulled fuel out of the wings and into an R-11 refueler truck.

“The idea is to turn the C-5 into a mobile fuel station that can offload fuel into a refueling vehicle standing by at a forward-deployed location,” Master Sgt. Brent Gregory, operations superintendent for the 9th Airlift Squadron, said in a press release about the experiment. “In theory, a cargo aircraft can land in an austere environment, offload fuel using the aircraft pumps and take off with minimal time on the ground.”

It’s not the first time the Air Force has used transport aircraft to haul and pump gas. In 2020 a C-130 refueled a pair of F-22 fighters on the ground in Hawaii, and this past December, a C-17 refueled a B-2 bomber on the ground in California. Transport aircraft can also defuel into a bladder or other facilities at an airfield.

Delivering gas with cargo aircraft may seem out of character for a branch that takes great pride in its fleet of aerial tankers, but it could give commanders more options in a future conflict.

Many national security experts are warning of a potential conflict with China in the western Pacific, and the Air Force is preparing to disperse its operations so that it is more difficult for the Chinese to select an airfield to target. But part of the challenge of dispersed operations is that small airfields do not have the pipelines or deep supplies of fuel often found at larger bases.

“Sending fuel forward to those bases would be necessary, and most of them are not the kind of places where you could pull up a ship alongside and unload a whole lot of fuel,” Jeremiah Gertler, a senior associate with the Center for Strategic and International Studies’ Aerospace Security Project, told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

“The Air Force is looking for ways to make those bases work,” Gertler added. The C-5 project “is one of those experiments.”

If those airfields need gas in a hurry, transport aircraft may be the way to deliver it. The massive C-5 can deliver more than 100,000 pounds of fuel and land on short runways, while the C-17 and C-130 can deliver smaller quantities.

“The ingenuity of the personnel of the 9th Airlift Squadron to aggressively pursue new options to employ the C-5M should be lauded,” Timothy Walton, a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute, told Air & Space Forces Magazine. “The 9th Airlift Squadron’s efforts align with a broader campaign by Air Mobility Command to aggressively develop new tactics, techniques, and procedures that maximize the operational effectiveness of the current and programmed force and impose dilemmas on adversaries.”

Still, Gertler and Walton cautioned that while using transport jets to carry gas could be helpful in a pinch, the already-overburdened transport fleet likely cannot carry enough gas to sustain a long campaign.

transport plane — A U.S. Air Force C-5M Super Galaxy with the 436th Airlift Wing flies over the Atlantic Ocean after refueling with a New Jersey Air National Guard KC-135R Stratotanker, April 15, 2021. U.S. Air National Guard photo by Master Sgt. Matt Hecht.

Marginal Gains

In a 2021 report, Walton and another Hudson Institute senior fellow, Bryan Clark, calculated that a C-17 could offload about 90,000 pounds of fuel—enough for six F-35A fighter jets on the ground. A C-130 could refuel slightly less than three. By comparison, the KC-46, the Air Force’s newest refueling tanker, can carry about 200,000 pounds of fuel.

“Planners should be wary of substituting bulk fuel distribution capabilities with mobility aircraft,” wrote Walton and Clark. “Transport aircraft are optimized to carry dry cargo and personnel and are not good fits for transporting bulk quantities of fuel.”

The issue isn’t just about how much gas the Air Force’s transport fleet can carry; in a conflict, the fleet will already be burdened with carrying all the other equipment and personnel the U.S. military needs to fight.

“Transport aircraft will likely be in high demand supporting inter- and intra-theater mobility and other missions,” Walton said. “They’ll be transporting air and missile defense systems, munitions, and other cargo and personnel to distributed airfields and to some of the main ones as well.”

Transport aircraft may become even more burdened if they are used as weapons platforms or as airborne command and control centers, capabilities the Air Force has also explored.

In the meantime, most of the U.S. military’s fuel is shipped overseas aboard maritime tankers and barges or overland on trucks, pipelines, or other systems. In their report, Walton and Clark explained that maritime tankers deliver fuel to ports supporting airfields, and there also has to be a system in place for getting the gas out of the boat and onto the airfield.

“Over-the-shore fuel transfer systems are critical to allow fuel from tankers to reach airfields if port or supporting pipeline infrastructure is damaged or if air operations are taking place from austere airfields without access to developed ports,” the experts wrote.

Tanker Security

The amount of gas required by prolonged Air Force operations likely could not be delivered by aircraft alone. Walton and Clark estimated that if the Air Force wanted 18 aerial tankers to operate from Tinian, a small island in the Pacific, the site would require about half a million barrels of fuel per month. Many small airfields in the Pacific, including the one at Tinian, do not have the infrastructure to hold that amount of gas, they wrote.

That means the Department of Defense should build “environmentally compliant hardened underground fuel stores,” which, while costly, would give the military access to assured stocks of fuel that would be more difficult for an adversary to destroy, Walton and Clark argued.

Even if the military built those underground fuel stores, the stockpiles likely would not last through a protracted conflict. That means the Department of Defense needs a robust fleet of maritime tankers to move enough gas across the ocean to sustain operations—but America’s tanker fleet is not in great shape. A study required by the 2020 National Defense Authorization Act found that the U.S. government was relying too heavily on foreign-flagged tankers, which could be risky in a contested environment.

In response, Congress directed the Secretary of Transportation to stand up the Tanker Security Program, which is meant to provide the military with access to 10 U.S.-registered tankers to use in times of war or emergency. But 10 ships may not be enough.

“Today, the United States military has access to only nine government and commercial tankers suitable for operations abroad, but it has projected it needs at least 80 tankers to transport fuel from oil refineries to American forces during a large war,” Walton and Clark argued in a 2020 opinion piece.

In the meantime, using transport aircraft to deliver relatively small amounts of fuel could play an important role, especially in the early stages of a campaign, Walton said. But sustaining that edge will require a strong maritime and overland fuel delivery infrastructure, as well as a robust network of aerial refueling platforms to make sure friendly aircraft can access gas mid-flight.

“I think we would likely do this in a conflict, but it will be important for the joint force to develop approaches to address the significant majority of its ground aerial refueling demands using maritime-delivered bulk fuel as opposed to aircraft-delivered bulk fuel,” Walton said.

Maximize Your AFA Membership with Exclusive Insurance Benefits

April 3, 2023

“Membership has its privileges.”

Those of a certain age may recall this popular slogan from an old American Express advertising campaign. The point of the campaign was that an American Express card was more than just a credit card; it provided other tangible benefits.

Membership in the Air & Space Forces Association (AFA) offers its own set of privileges. These include shopping and travel discounts. You also have access to education, financial, and health and wellness programs.

Another major benefit of your AFA membership is access to a variety of group insurance programs.
Participating in the AFA Member Insurance Program is a great way to protect you and your family and/or to supplement your existing coverage. AFA members have access to exclusive group rates for both individual and family coverage.

In addition, when AFA members buy insurance through the Member Insurance Program, they’re helping the AFA to continue its mission of supporting and advocating for the United States Air and Space Forces.

The insurance benefits offered through the AFA are provided by name-brand, top-rated insurance carriers.

Plus, the AFA Member Insurance Program recently launched a new, easier-to-use website. Members can apply for coverage online for many of the plans and the site will eventually enable you to apply online for all plans. That will mean no more filling out PDFs or paper applications.

Here is an overview of the insurance policies offered through your Member Insurance Program’s website, www.AFAInsure.com:

Term Life Insurance. AFA members can choose between two term life insurance plans exclusive to the organization. Unlike many Life Insurance policies, there are no exclusions for war or terrorism, and flying personnel are covered 100%.

Senior Whole Life Insurance. This guaranteed-acceptance policy allows members ages 45 to 85 add up to $25,000 in permanent life insurance without a medical exam. Premiums are fixed – they never increase as you age – and your benefits never decrease.

Final Expense Whole Life Insurance. Free your family of financial burden upon your death with a permanent insurance plan designed to help cover funeral expenses, medical bills and remaining debts. Up to $40,000 in coverage is available, with guaranteed options for members with pre-existing health conditions.

Accidental Death & Dismemberment Insurance. Accidents happen when we least expect them. As an AFA member you can have peace of mind that you and your family are protected from the financial effects of an accidental death, or loss of limb, vision, speech or hearing.

TRICARE Supplement Insurance Plans. This valuable policy helps pay for medical expenses not covered by your TRICARE medical plan. Coverage is available for member, spouse, and dependents of active-duty members, reserves and military retirees.

Dental Insurance. As an AFA member, you can smile and rest easy knowing that you’re protected against the rising cost of dental care with flexible dental insurance coverage. Take advantage of valuable and affordable dental protection for you and your family. You can choose from two options that are competitive, efficient and easy to access.

Vision Insurance. Help lower your or your family’s out-of-pocket costs on eye exams, glasses, contact lenses, and more with AFA-sponsored Vision Insurance. With affordable co-payments and nationwide access to discounts, you’ll be seeing your way to clear savings in no time.

Hospital Indemnity Insurance Plans. Get cash benefits to help pay medical bills or other expenses if you or a family member have been hospitalized. The AFA plan for retirees ages 65 to 99 also helps pay for short-term recovery costs.

Long-Term Care Insurance. Protect your assets against the cost of long-term care with customized protection through the variety of individual plans available to AFA members. Members have access to special discounts, multiple carriers, multiple products, wider underwriting, and service for life.

Pet Insurance. You can insure your furry family members and minimize the cost of vet bills with the AFA Pet Health plan. There are several flexible options to choose from, and the policy covers all licensed veterinarian, specialist or emergency clinics in the U.S.

Legal Services Plan. For just $216 a year, you can access a qualified attorney to help with frequently needed personal legal matters. There are more than 18,000 attorneys available across the U.S. as part of this benefit.

You can find complete details about these AFA member insurance benefits, as well as application and enrollment information, at www.AFAInsure.com.

Air Force Plans New Campaign, Social Media Partnerships to Combat Recruiting Shortfall

March 31, 2023 | By Greg Hadley

Amid a high-profile recruiting crisis, Air Force leaders and experts increasingly note the challenging long-term trends the service faces in convincing young Americans to join: Declining numbers of eligible candidates, lower interest and propensity to serve, and reduced exposure to military people and service.

But while leaders see no “silver bullet” to solve those issues, the Air Force Recruiting Service is pressing ahead with a push to attract more women to serve. Acting Undersecretary of the Air Force Kristyn E. Jones described in written testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee last week the Women in Sports Campaign, which she said “aligns DAF recruitment with female athletes through direct marketing as well as enduring partnerships that encourage female participation in sports.”

The target of the campaign, she said: “Approximately 7.6 million 18- to 24-year-old women [who] watch women’s sports on YouTube.” Taken as a group, “these viewers constitute a key demographic for DAF recruitment efforts,” Jones added.

The Air Force Recruiting Service plans to expand outreach to young women via social media, officials told Air & Space Forces Magazine.

The Women in Sports campaign is set to launch this summer, hoping to inspire more young women to stay fit and consider service.

“Less than 25 percent of females ages 18 to 24 are actually eligible to serve in the military,” said Lara Stott, senior strategic advisor for marketing at AFRS. “And one of the big reasons is due to obesity and being out of shape and other health issues that kind of go along with that.

“So we’ve been working on how to build an enduring brand initiative that would really be focused on putting the Air Force front and center as a champion of women in sports and girls in sports,” Stott continued. “And we want to use this as an opportunity to kind of be a catalyst for the next generation of young women to pursue sports at whatever level they want to pursue.”

By encouraging more girls and women to participate in sports, USAF hopes to increase the percentage of young women fit enough to serve.

“By the time they hit that 18- to 24-year-old range when we’re actually trying to recruit, if they don’t already have those healthy habits, it is much harder to teach them at that point,” Stott said. “ It’s really about instilling this sense of making that an important part of your self-care as a woman.”

To get that across, Stott said, the Air Force will:

Expand presence at prominent women’s sporting events

Build new partnerships with brands and influencers with greate rfocus “on the next generation of female athletes”

Highlight Air Force and Space Force athletes from the U.S. Air Force Academy, ROTC, or the Air Force World Class Athlete Program.

But the Air Force isn’t about to blow it’s budget all at once. “We could go drop a lot of money on the Women’s World Cup coming up and that would be great for a moment in time,” Stott said. “But we want this to be something that is really enduring.”

Expanding its Reach

Air Force Recruiting had about 1 million followers on Facebook, 349,000 on Instagram, and 153,000 subscribers on YouTube as of March 31. But Jones told Congress department leaders believe they can increase reach considerably through partnerships with appropriate social media influencers.

“We’re looking at how to better utilize YouTube influencers,” Jones said.

Stott said that it’s a matter of outreach. “If you go on YouTube right now, there are—in addition to the Air Force Recruiting Service and official Air Force YouTube channels—all kinds of channels that are very Air Force-focused. I think all of those are potential partners at this point.”

Influencers can come in many forms, Stott added. “At the end of the day, what we’re trying to do is to tell that authentic Airman story. And if that comes from someone at Nellis Air Force Base who just made us a cool piece of content about a day in the life, those are the real types of stories that we want to tell.”

It’s all about engaging with young people in a more personal, genuine way.

“Obviously Gen Z is one of the smartest generations as a young cohort,” Stott said. “They know when you’re not being genuine, they can see right through you. So we are looking very carefully at where we can take Air Force and Guard and Reserve—all of our components—where we can match those attributes and Gen Z attributes and where those intersect.”

Some Airmen and former Airmen with established social media presences have expressed reservations about mixing the official Air Force brand with their personal ones, but recruiting officials insist they don’t want to stifle Airmen’s voices, and they will give partners wide latitude to express their creativity.

Stott acknowledged “there is certainly risk involved with that.” But she added, “I think we’re willing to take a little bit of that risk because the reward is going to outweigh that risk.”

Outside the Air Force

The Air Force also sees potential to partner with influencers and brands that connect with audiences the services need to reach.

Super Girl Surf Pro, an annual surfing competition; Athletes Unlimited, a growing basketball league; and Amanda Sorenson, a driver in the Formula Drift motorsport competition all have appeal to women the Air Force doesn’t think it reaches now. With tens of thousands of followers on social media, they represent growth. Other partnerships are still to come.

But AFRS is not aiming for simply the broadest reach, Stott said.

“What we don’t want to have happen is for us to just be construed as not being genuine,” she said. “Again, I really think that Gen Z would see through that immediately. And I think we can all think of examples of brands in the past where they’ve made that mistake of pursuing partnerships that didn’t really have a natural tie to their brand’s message, to their brand values, if you will. And when that happens, they face a lot of backlash.”