More Drones Spotted Over USAF Bases in UK

More Drones Spotted Over USAF Bases in UK

Nov. 27, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

U.S. Air Forces in Europe reported more mysterious small drones flying around a cluster of USAF bases in the United Kingdom and said for the first time that drones had been seen at RAF Fairford, 130 miles away, where four U.S. B-52 bombers are currently deployed as part of Bomber Task Force 25-1.  

U.K. officials said that jets had scrambled in response and British troops are deploying to the bases, as well.  

USAFE first reported the small drones operating around and over RAF Lakenheath, RAF Mildenhall, and RAF Feltwell on Nov. 25. Varying numbers of drones, in different sizes and configurations, were seen from Nov. 20-24. Who owns and operates the drones and what they are doing remains a mystery. 

On Nov. 26, USAFE issued an update, reporting that “small unmanned aerial systems continue to be spotted.” The update included RAF Fairford among the bases experiencing incursions. 

“None of the incursions impacted base residents, facilities, or assets,” the update asserted.

Parliament took up Air and Missile Defenses on Nov. 27, with MP Nick Timothy, who represents the area around Lakenheath and Mildenhall, saying “residents were concerned to hear aircraft being scrambled in the middle of the night to intercept them.” 

Timothy’s comments confirm media reports that Lakenheath had scrambled fighters and highlighted the challenges commanders face when it comes to regulations about civilian safety.

USAFE has not indicated what kinds of defenses it is employing, but has stated “we retain the right to protect our installations.” 

UK airspace is controlled by the a government agency, the Civilian Aviation Authority, much as U.S. airspace is the purview of the Federal Aviation Administration. Military operators must work within those civilian frameworks, severely limiting the options commanders have for defending against such incursions. Because bases are frequently close to densely populated areas, those options are further limited. Indeed, it can be difficult to maintain routine operating schedules in some cases, as residential development encroaches on military bases, let alone empowering them to take actions involving radio interference or, even less likely, kinetic weapons.

The BBC and Sky News reported Nov. 27 that roughly 60 British troops are deploying in response to the drones, including some with counter-drone expertise. 

The incidents in the UK come about year after similar drone incursions cropped up at U.S. military bases, notably over Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Va., where the Air Force’s F-22 Raptors are based. Even now, nearly a year later, officials have yet to determine who was behind them, according to the Wall Street Journal.

A senior defense official told reporters in May that the Pentagon was recording roughly two to three cases of drones flying into the airspace around domestic U.S. military bases every week. The official did not specify locations.  

Inexpensive, commercial drones are now widely available worldwide, fueling concerns about how they can be employed to spy on or disrupt military activities during peacetime and at war. The Air Force has been seeking low-cost solutions for defending against drones and drone swarms for years, especially means that don’t involve firing high-end missiles, and is also seeking to take a larger stake in air base defense, a mission that is typically tasked to the Army. 

Musk Revives F-35 Criticism, but Could It Actually Lead to Cuts Under Trump?

Musk Revives F-35 Criticism, but Could It Actually Lead to Cuts Under Trump?

Nov. 27, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

Elon Musk—the SpaceX and Tesla founder tapped by President-elect Donald Trump to run a new commission dubbed the Department of Government Efficiency—thinks the F-35 fighter is an obsolete and poorly functioning weapon system whose mission is best overtaken by uncrewed aircraft.

Depending on the latitude given to Musk when Trump takes office in January, his view on the F-35 may carry major implications for the massive program, though Trump has been very complimentary of the fighter.

Musk offered his latest criticisms of the F-35 in a post on X, the social media site he owns. The fighter, he said, is a “jack of all trades, master of none” because it was “required to be too many things to too many people” and was the result of a “broken” requirements system. In a separate post, he referred to the jet as the “worst military value for money in history.”

“Success was never in the set of possible outcomes” for the fighter, he wrote, adding that “manned fighter jets are obsolete in the age of drones anyway. Will just get pilots killed.”

Musk’s comments are an extension of views he first expressed four years ago at AFA’s 2020 Air Warfare Symposium, where he shocked the audience by declaring that “the fighter jet era has passed.”

In a fireside chat at that conference, Musk said “locally autonomous drone warfare is where the future will be,” offering apologies to the attendees but insisting, “it’s simply what will occur.”

He also said the F-35 program would benefit from being placed in competition with drones employing a combination of remote control and onboard autonomy. But in such a competition, he wrote later on social media at the time, “the F-35 would have no chance.”

Senior Air Force officials and think-tankers at the time said Musk was putting too much faith in autonomous technology, and that there would always be a competitive advantage for the human mind in a dogfight. But since then, the Air Force has put increasing emphasis on autonomy, and the Collaborative Combat Aircraft program has risen to become the service’s key method to achieve affordable mass in air warfare.

And unlike in 2020, Musk is poised to potentially act on his critiques. In addition to becoming a close adviser to President-elect Trump, he is one of the heads of the unofficial “Department of Government Efficiency,” tasked with finding ways to slash billions from the federal budget.

The exact authorities and powers that Musk and his commission will have to reach that goal are still not completely clear, but some officials, including Democrats, have suggested the Pentagon’s budget is a prime place to go for such savings.

In response to a query from Air & Space Forces Magazine, the F-35 Joint Program Office defended the F-35 as a solid performer that has been adopted by 20 countries and is lauded by pilots as a technological leap over previous fighters.

The F-35s in service today “perform exceptionally well against the threat for which they were designed,” a JPO spokesperson said.

“Pilots continually emphasize that this is the fighter they want to take to war if called upon,” he said. “The air system’s international footprint amplifies the platform’s benefits, and it is the aircraft of choice for partners and allies.” The JPO noted that the F-35 serves with three U.S. military branches, seven international partner nations and 11 Foreign Military Sales customers, “and FMS interest continues to grow.” The JPO noted that, within 10 years, “there will be 700 F-35s in Europe, and only 60 of these will belong to the U.S.”

Asked to respond to Musk’s comments, a Lockheed Martin spokesperson said “As we did in his first term, we look forward to a strong working relationship with President Trump, his team, and also with the new Congress to strengthen our national defense. The F-35 is the most advanced, survivable and connected fighter aircraft in the world, a vital deterrent and the cornerstone of joint all-domain operations.”

The Air Force declined to comment on Musk’s F-35 posts.

If Musk does decide to push for cuts to the F-35 program, it isn’t clear how much or how soon that could happen. The JPO reached a handshake agreement with Lockheed Martin last week covering prices and payments for production Lots 18 and 19, but it is not yet a signed contract.

“We have reached an initial agreement as part of ongoing negotiations for the Lot 18/19 Air Vehicle Production Contract,” the JPO said, adding, “We will share the aircraft quantity and cost figures when a final agreement is reached.” Industry sources said that process could take several months; well into the beginning of the second Trump term, and potentially giving the incoming administration significant influence over the deal. The two lots are expected to cover an estimated 300 or so aircraft.

Any change would also have to get the approval of Congress, and Lockheed’s team has placed F-35 contracts in nearly every state. Many Republican members of Congress have voiced support for the program, especially in Texas, Georgia, and California, where most F-35 airframe work is done, and Utah, where the Air Force’s F-35 depot is located. Connecticut and Florida delegations are also staunch F-35 supporters, because its engine, the F135, is made by Pratt & Whitney in those states.

On top of that, it’s also unclear how much flexibility the government would have in curtailing the F-35 program, as it has a financial partnership with nine other countries to develop the fighter.

It’s also possible that the Trump administration does not want to cut the F-35, regardless of what Musk says. Trump himself has praised the F-35, mentioning it by name at several campaign rallies; calling it “beautiful” airplane that is “invisible” to radar and boasting that he bought “many, many” of the fighters during his first term. He has said the F-35 is “very special” and “it wins every time.”

The F-35’s strong record of foreign sales would also seem to be a selling point to Trump, who has consistently played up the importance of the weapons export business, even bucking domestic and international pressure in his first term over the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi by the Saudi government to say he wanted to proceed with a huge arms sale to the Saudis.

Trump also takes credit for obtaining big discounts on earlier lots of F-35s, inserting himself directly into negotiations with Lockheed’s leadership during his first term.

F-35 Readiness

Musk’s post on X was in part a response to a story from Bloomberg quoting from a redacted report on the F-35 from the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation’s annual report in the spring. The report stated that the F-35’s reliability, maintainability and availability remain below the levels expected for it at this point in its service life. It also noted continuing issues with the F-35’s gun and its cyber defenses. These issues have resisted correction over the F-35 program’s 25-year history.

“Cyber threats are dynamic and thus require agile defense in depth,” the JPO said in response. “As such, the F-35 JPO aggressively maintains one of the most robust cybersecurity testing programs in DOD, which spans Developmental Test, Operational Test, and Sustainment. Results of all cyber tests are analyzed and prioritized for mitigation in a continuous cycle of assessing and improving, while the JPO actively seeks increasingly dedicated cyber test infrastructure.”

A spokesperson also said that the readiness issues pertaining to the F-35 during operational test are “not new or unknown.”

“We initiated the ‘War on Readiness’ and assembled a Fleet Readiness Team dedicated to understanding and addressing complex challenges that negatively affect fleet mission capability,” the spokesperson said. “The F-35 Executive Leadership Team is engaging directly with suppliers to ensure necessary focus is placed on top degraders affecting the fleet.”

Uncertain Future

In the final days of President Joe Biden’s administration, the Air Force is in the midst of rethinking its approach to air superiority. The Next-Generation Air Dominance manned fighter, long seen as the key to the future of air superiority, is under review, both for the technologies involved and their cost. Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall had previously suggest the fighter would cost “multiple hundreds of millions” of dollars each, but in September said he thinks it might be possible to pursue an alternative approach that could cut the price to that of the F-35.

If that proves feasible, the Air Force’s plans for the F-35 might radically change. The service has never wavered from its requirement—set in 2001—for 1,763 F-35s, but under the previous Trump administration, Air Force acquisition executive Will Roper suggested the end figure might be reduced to about 500 because of stubbornly high operating costs. Roper also pushed for a rolling series of NGAD-like aircraft built in small lots and succeeded every few years by aircraft with fresh technology. Kendall has voiced a similar approach to the CCA program, which shares its budget line item with NGAD.

The Air Force has taken delivery of about 450 F-35As so far.  

GPS Without Space? DOD Looks to Quantum for an Answer

GPS Without Space? DOD Looks to Quantum for an Answer

Nov. 27, 2024 | By Shaun Waterman

The Department of Defense is eyeing localized quantum sensors as a radical alternative to space-based Global Positioning System satellites in the face of increasing threats to GPS signals needed for precision navigation and timing.   

In a peer conflict, notes Lt. Col. Nicholas Estep from the Defense Innovation Unit (DIU), “you really must presume a denied and degraded environment in which you cannot rely upon external PNT signals like GPS.”  

That’s why DIU, the Pentagon’s acquisition outpost in Silicon Valley, is seeking commercial partners to help develop distributed, localized alternatives that don’t rely on easily jammed signals from thousands of miles above the earth’s surface.  

The military depends on GPS for navigation, timing, and targeting, and industries from transportation to agriculture to banking rely on its precision for a host of purposes. But the wars in Ukraine and the Middle East have exposed how signal jamming and spoofing can deny access to signals from space, forcing users to seek alternatives.  

“What are we going to do in order to maintain PNT-enabled solutions, to allow the joint force to execute its mission?” asked Estep, whose DIU portfolio includes quantum sensing, hypersonics and advanced materials.  

DIU solicited industry seeking quantum sensing technology that could augment or back up GPS satellites for military applications within a couple of years. The “project will focus on demonstrating the military utility of quantum sensors to address strategic Joint Force competencies,” DIU said at the time.  

Dozens of proposals poured in, Estep said: “We did get a very strong signal of interest from the community, a mixture of traditional primes, startups, and non-traditional companies.” 

The solicitation was designed to encourage a variety of approaches and solutions, Estep said. “There won’t be one quantum sensor to rule them all, that that the Air Force will use, that the Navy would want to use, that the Army [would want to] … There’s no panacea—quantum or classical—to address all of the joint force PNT needs.” 

Instead, he said, DIU would seek to marry the various approaches presented by industry applicants with appropriate use cases, based on the form factor and the maturity of the technology. “Some [approaches] may be better suited for aircraft. Some are better suited to support surface or subsurface vessels,” he said.  

DIU is working with multiple services and other stakeholders in the Department of Defense to get these innovative solutions into warfighters’ hands as quickly as possible, Estep said, “And so we help to coordinate these different technology solutions, with what we think best correlates to service deployment mechanisms and diverse mission sets… in several different parallel [acquisition] pathways.” 

The Space Force is also working on resilient space-based PNT solutions, including by spreading GPS signals out across a diversity of satellites in different orbits, as a means to make the system more robust and less susceptible to interruption. Indeed, resilient PNT was one of two capabilities identified by Air Force Secretary Frank Kendall for use under the new “Quick Start” funding authorities enabled by Congress to let the Space Force move ahead on some programs without having to wait for a full legislative review. 

Quantum Sensing 

Quantum mechanics involves the extraordinary, counter-intuitive, and often confusing properties of subatomic particles first explored by Albert Einstein nearly a century ago. Recent advances in nano engineering have enabled labs for the first time to demonstrate and exploit the unique properties of quantum particles, generating renewed excitement about the technology. 

Celia Merzbacher, executive director of the Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C), an industry-led stakeholder forum supported by the National Institute for Standards and Technology, said that quantum sensing is among the least understood but most mature of three quantum mechanics fields—the other two are quantum computing and quantum communications. 

“Quantum sensing for PNT is, to some extent, already here,” she said. The technology is the same as that used in atomic clocks, which provide precise timing based on the movements of subatomic particles.  

In a September report, QED-C noted that “Quantum sensors can provide navigational information in environments where GPS signals are unavailable or unreliable.” 

The report and the DIU industry offering outline three ways quantum sensing can be applicable to PNT: Measuring movement, gravity, and Earth’s magnetic field.  

Each offers a way for a plane, ship, or vehicle to accurately ascertain its position, without having to rely on radio signals from faraway GPS satellites.  

Merzbacher predicted that DOD’s involvement could spur a commercial market for quantum sensing PNT within five years. Without DOD, it would take longer, she said, “because these companies that are developing quantum sensors for PNT and other uses are smaller companies, and they have somewhat limited resources to invest in anything that’s beyond two or three years to market.” 

This is precisely the kind of problem for which DIU was created—as a bridge to private equity. “Private capital is expensive and very hard to get,” Merzbacher said. DOD is effectively vouching for its view that a market could emerge. 

“Government can really accelerate progress by stepping in and helping to defray the cost of the engineering and R&D at this stage,” she explained. “Eventually the flywheel will be spinning, and as revenues are being generated, those companies can reinvest. But if the government doesn’t step in and invest … then progress will just be much slower.” 

The QED-C report identified the transition from lab to battlefield as a key hurdle. “A big challenge is integrating these new components that are really just being developed in the lab, in a controlled environment, integrating and packaging those into something that can go onto a plane or a Space Platform,” and withstand the rigors of vibration or radiation, she said. 

“There’s going to be a lot of work needing to be done,” she said. 

Meanwhile, China and others are investing in their own solutions, said Dana Goward, a career U.S. Coast Guard officer who is now president of the Resilient Navigation and Timing Foundation, a 501(c)3 scientific and educational non-profit. 

China (and U.S. allies South Korea and Saudi Arabia) already had a functioning terrestrial alternative to GPS in an Enhanced Long-Range Navigation (eLORAN) system, Goward said. eLoran relies on hyperbolic navigation, where a plane, ship, or vehicle can ascertain its location by correlating signals from two or more terrestrial broadcast towers. 

“It’s much more accurate, much more difficult to disrupt,” than GPS or other satellite-based PNT, said Goward. 

Goward called quantum sensing “exciting,” but said it could be “many years” before the technology clears all the necessary engineering and regulatory hurdles necessary for broad adoption. “How close are we to something that is viable in any commercial application?” he asked. 

GPS is now taken for granted by consumers and businesses, Goward said, and there is little understanding of how fragile it is. But technologies that require materials to be maintained at extremely low temperatures or to operate at extremely precise laser frequencies are hardly ready for prime time, he said. “They’ll keep making it better and better, and perhaps someday it will get down to the common folk like you and me.” 

Quantum Orienteering 

The supporters of quantum sensing for PNT say it represents a step change, away from the inherently fragile beacon-signal approach of GPS or even eLoran. “The next generation of PNT technologies returns positioning to the local vehicle or individual and it says, essentially, now we want to be able to navigate using only things that we measure locally,” said Michael Biercuk, CEO of Q-CTRL, a quantum technology company. 

Because the Earth’s magnetic and gravitational fields vary minutely from place to place and because those variations have already been mapped, a tool that can measure those minute variations can accurately locate the user, Biercuk explained. 

“If you combine a really good map of these geophysical phenomena with a really good local sensor, you can do what we sometimes jokingly refer to as quantum orienteering,” Biercuk said, “You can take your map and your sensor and figure it out where you are.” 

The extreme technical requirements of quantum sensing equipment can be mitigated by the use of software algorithms, he said.  

“The laboratory performance is extraordinary, but the performance outside the lab is tremendously degraded. Anytime you put it on a moving vessel, it’s really hard to keep it operational. They’re very, very sensitive devices,” he said. 

But Q-CTRL had been “able to show that when you combine, obviously very good hardware engineering with software enablement, you can actually make these tools viable in real environments,” he said.

The company is working with Airbus on safety-testing a GPS-replacement inertial motion sensor that could be installed in commercial aircraft “within two or three years,” he said.

Watchdog: Air Force Needs Timelines and Metrics for New Force Generation Model

Watchdog: Air Force Needs Timelines and Metrics for New Force Generation Model

Nov. 26, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

The Government Accountability Office wants the Air Force to explain who will run bases when wings deploy under the service’s new force generation model along with several other unanswered questions, saying the concept is long on vision but short on details.

In a report released Nov. 26, the GAO said it recognizes USAF’s old model of “crowdsourcing” deployments to fill operational units needed to be changed. But it’s concerned that the service hasn’t yet thought through its new models, AFFORGEN and Deployable Combat Wings, and that going ahead without nailing down the specifics risks creating serious gaps and shortages.

“Continuous deployments over the past two decades have reduced the Air Force’s readiness—affecting personnel, equipment and aircraft,” the GAO wrote in the congressionally mandated audit. But the service’s answer to those issues “has challenges,” it added.

“For example, the Air Force plans to eventually deploy an entire wing from an air base rather than individuals from multiple wings and air bases. But it hasn’t assessed whether bases will have enough staff to operate when units deploy—to fill jobs like guarding entrances or providing security. Also, it hasn’t set timelines for its efforts,” the report states.

Air Force leaders have publicly acknowledged these shortcomings since starting to roll out AFFORGEN in 2022 and the Deployable Combat Wing plan was announced early in 2024. But they have also said it’s urgent to start practicing the concept without waiting for all the details to be worked out.  

The GAO acknowledged the Air Force’s explanation that AFFORGEN was swiftly put into action “to prepare for potential conflict with near-peer competitors.” Service officials “recognized that an implementation plan with goals, a timeline with key milestone, and performance measures would help ensure unity of effort across the service and a shared understanding of the path forward,” the audit agency said. But it hasn’t seen those yet, it said.

In a letter to Airmen dated Oct. 22, Chief of Staff Gen. David W. Allvin said the Air Force is evolving its generation model from one that “prioritizes in-garrison efficiencies to one that prioritizes combat mission effectiveness.” Under the new system, forces will arrive in theater “pre-formed, pre-trained, and ready to fight.” As an intermediate step, six Air Task Forces have been activated and are working toward fiscal year 2026 deployments.

As for Deployable Combat Wings, Allvin said five such organizations will stand up in 2025, eight in 2026, and three in 2027. The Air Reserve Component will also start standing up DCWs in 2025, he said.

The GAO said it identified “several ongoing implementation challenge” to USAF’s plans.

The Air Force “has not completed an assessment of minimum U.S. base staffing needs,” the GAO said, and it’s unclear whether bases will have enough personnel to keep crucial functions running when the majority of their units deploy.

Also, while AFFORGEN “partially” aligns with “some selected leading reform practices,” it doesn’t align with others, the GAO said.

Those areas where USAF partially aligns with best practices in reforming its deployment model include:

  • establishing goals and outcomes
  • involving employees and key stakeholders
  • addressing longstanding management concerns
  • leadership attention and focus
  • employee engagement
  • strategic workforce planning.

But the service did not align with the best practices of “using data and evidence” to back up its plans, nor in “managing and monitoring” progress. The GAO said the Air Force did not fully align with any best practices for a major reorganization.

“While the Air Force has released visionary statements, it has not set goals to track implementation progress,” the agency said.

The GAO made four recommendations about the Air Force’s new deployment model:

  • The Secretary of the Air Force should ensure that Headquarters Air Force “creates a plan that establishes timeframes for the [Unit Type Consolidation] effort” before Deployable Combat Wings deploy.
  • The Secretary should ensure that HAF complete “a service-wide assessment of … base minimum staffing needs as it prepares to create in-garrison wings.” This plan should be coordinated with major commands and installations.
  • The HAF should also “assess potential gaps and risks associated with reduced in-garrison support for base related missions,” also in coordination with MAJCOMs and installations.
  • HAF should issue an AFFORGEN implementation plan “that includes leading reform practices, such as outcome-oriented goals, a timeline with key milestones, and performance measures.”

The GAO said it would report to Congress when the Air Force takes action to address the recommendations.

Busy BUFFs: B-52 Bombers Overfly Finland, Morocco, and More

Busy BUFFs: B-52 Bombers Overfly Finland, Morocco, and More

Nov. 26, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

B-52 Stratofortresses popped up from the Middle East to North Africa to the Nordic region in recent days, as the U.S. Air Force flexed the reach of its bomber fleet.  

On Nov. 22, B-52s already deployed for Bomber Task Force mission 25-1 to RAF Fairford in the United Kingdom, took part in a joint training mission with the Royal Moroccan Air Force. The task force operation is the first of the new fiscal year.

U.S. Airmen with the 20th Expeditionary Bomber Squadron approach their B-52H Stratofortress at RAF Fairford, England on Nov. 22, 2024. The squadron supported a U.S. Africa Command exercise in Morocco that same day. (U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Emily Farnsworth)

On Nov. 23, B-52s deployed to the Middle East flew patrols in support of Operation Inherent Resolve, the U.S. mission to defeat ISIS in Syria and Iraq. The Air Force also released photos of F-15E fighters flying combat patrols.

A U.S. Air Force B-52H Stratofortress prepares to receive fuel from a KC-135 Stratotanker over the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility Nov. 23, 2024. (U.S. Air Force photo)

And on Nov. 25, two B-52s flew from Fairford to conduct a simulated weapons drop training mission over Finland, integrating with Swedish and Finnish fighters along the way. It was the first such exercise over Finland involving a B-52.

A B-52 takes off from RAF Fairford in supper of a bomber task force mission with Finland. U.S. Air Force photo

U.S. Air Forces in Europe did not disclose details about the weapons drop training, such as what kinds of munitions were dropped and where they were released.

The trio of missions continue a busy stretch for the Stratofortress. Nearly 15 percent of the B-52 fleet deployed worldwide in recent weeks—six to the Middle East to deter Iran and its proxies in the region, and four for the first bomber task force of fiscal 2025 in Europe. 

The B-52s previously dropped live ordnance over Lithuania, including GBU-38 Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAMs). The mission included coordinating with Lithuanian, Czech, Swedish, and Norwegian joint terminal attack controllers. 

In the Middle East, a B-52 landed in Bahrain for the Bahrain International Airshow, its first-ever appearance at that event, and another bomber in the region integrated with British Royal Air Force fighters on Nov. 18.

A B-52H Stratofortress assigned to the 20th Expeditionary Bomb Squadron took off from RAF Fairford, England, for a training mission with the Royal Moroccan Air Force Nov. 22, 2024. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Mary Bowers)
What CMSAF Flosi Learned From ‘Dying’ in an ACE Exercise

What CMSAF Flosi Learned From ‘Dying’ in an ACE Exercise

Nov. 26, 2024 | By David Roza

Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force David A. Flosi learned an important lesson during an exercise in the Pacific earlier this year: don’t take cover next to a fuel tank.

He and about 30 other chief master sergeants—the top enlisted rank in the Air Force—were practicing a technique called Agile Combat Employment, where Airmen launch and recover aircraft from small, dispersed airfields. ACE is meant to reduce the chances of being targeted by a long-range missile, but the small teams mean Airmen have to pull security, refuel aircraft, load cargo, and other tasks outside their usual job specialties.

Flosi and the other chiefs “lived ACE for about a week” somewhere in the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command area of responsibility, he said on a Nov. 23 episode of his interview series, “The Enlisted Edge.” Each of them had more than 20 years of experience in the Air Force, but that didn’t save them from a deadly, though still simulated, miscalculation.

“Our first iteration of a contested environment … there were 30 chiefs in the group, and through the exercise scenario, we lost 22 of them,” he said. “It turns out it’s not a good idea to go take cover right next to a 20,000 gallon fuel tank.”

That may sound obvious, Flosi said, but he pointed out the circumstances. He and the other chiefs were trying to build a camp, establish communications, secure the area, and get an airfield going on a tight deadline to meet an incoming aircraft.

“And then you get an inbound [missile] and there’s no bunkers, this is not an improved airfield,” he said. “If you’ve not thought through all that in advance and you’re not making good risk decisions, you very easily can end up in a lethal situation.”

Indeed, risk management was the key topic of the interview, where Flosi spoke with Maj. Gen. Sean M. Choquette, commander of the Air Force Safety Center, and Chief Master Sgt. Amber Person, the center’s chief enlisted manager, about a new strategy to spread better risk management tools across the Air Force and Space Force.

Announced in August, the Integrating Risk and Readiness campaign aims to bake risk management principles into all training, career fields, and operational environments so that Airmen are better prepared both at home and in an ACE environment. The campaign complements a new Air Force Safety Center strategic plan unveiled in April.

Choquette wants to flip the status quo, where one Air Force safety specialist or squadron flight safety officer might be the risk management guru for an entire flight line.

“We’re really talking specifically about risk management and getting that skill set out there,” he said in the interview. “So it’s not a safety professional walking onto the flight line saying ‘hey, let’s look at these things.’ It literally is Airmen walking around their flight line or their operations area, their personnel office, the front gate, you name it, and saying ‘hm, is there a better way to do this?’”

The strategic plan is sparse on specific tools and training, but its goals include formalizing safety principles and risk management as core competencies, conducting a public affairs campaign to refocus on those concepts, conducting a six-month evaluation to figure out where risk management needs to align with future operations, then developing an implementation plan to bridge the gaps. The idea is for the risk management principles to be widespread across training and periodically reassessed.

While the specifics are still in development, Choquette and Person hinted at what it could look like. One example is in aviation career fields, where crews brief, debrief, and perform other formal risk management practices as a matter of course. That isn’t to say HVAC specialists, for example, need to adopt the same formal practices, but the Safety Center hopes to spread a similar kind of mindset.

“The assumption is ‘OK, so before I go out this weekend, do you want me to sit down and draw out the five-step process with my friends?’ And that’s not realistic, and no that’s not what we’re expecting,” said Person. “You do risk management when you are backing out of your driveway in the morning. You check to make sure that the bike’s not behind you, or the dog’s not running around, or whatever it might be before you actually back up. As simple as that seems, it’s not always that easy to do or to be mindful of.”

Every job in the Air Force and Space Force has lengthy regulations and instructions on how to do that job safely, Person said, but somewhere there is a disconnect where Airmen or Guardians get complacent or skip steps and introduce more risk. 

“If we just try to implement more of that risk mindset of ‘OK I’m going back out of my driveway, I’m going to look behind me before I do so,’ with everything that we do, I think that we’ll be better for it,” she said. 

Another example is “knock it off,” a phrase aviators use during an exercise to stop what they’re doing, return to level flight, and reassess. A third is promoting a culture where junior Airmen are empowered to address risk management issues. 

“That’s that skill set … as they’re going through operations, can somebody in the team, whether it’s the senior person or not, can say ‘stop, knock it off for a minute,’” Choquette said. “Every day we do this, but if we can train to it and assess to it, it will just become a part of our DNA and how we operate.”

Those skills may not be new to operations and maintenance, Flosi said, but the idea is to enhance it in those fields and spread it to others.

“We’re going to up our operational IQ there and then we’re bringing it into the rest of the force that doesn’t have that,” he explained. “A lot of our support forces do, but not all.”

A group of Basic Military Training trainees walk together during a simulated deployment exercise known as Primary Agile Combat Employment Range, Forward Operations Readiness Generation Exercise or PACER FORGE at Joint Base San Antonio – Chapman Training Annex, Nov. 20, 2023. (U.S. Air Force photo by Vanessa R. Adame)

The hope is that expanding the mindset will bring down noncombat fatalities: fiscal year 2023 saw the deaths of 49 Airmen and Guardians, while 2024 saw the deaths of 42, Choquette said, though he did not specify if those were all due to safety mishaps. FY23 also saw two people die and 10 aircraft destroyed in a five-year high for aviation-related mishaps. That’s a tragedy and a loss of combat power, officials said.

“We don’t have spare Airmen,” Flosi said. “In order for us to be lethal and capable, we’ve got to eliminate unforced errors.”

Data could also help: another part of the strategic safety plan is to use artificial intelligence to analyze the center’s 40 years of data and forecast where the next mishap might occur.

“We’re going to have some real analytical rigor through some AI algorithms to say … ‘this is where we kind of know it’s going to happen,’ and here are some things, commander and chief, that you can do to maybe prevent that,” Choquette said. 

In the meantime, the general promised that the safety center will create “some toolsets” to help Airmen and Guardians manage risk in the near future.

“We owe them that and the safety enterprise is working on some things,” he said. “This isn’t just talk.” 

PACAF Boss Helps Deliver First US Aircraft to Vietnam in Decades

PACAF Boss Helps Deliver First US Aircraft to Vietnam in Decades

Nov. 26, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

Pacific Air Forces commander Gen. Kevin B. Schneider and other Airmen delivered five T-6 Texan trainer aircraft to Vietnam last week—the first U.S. aircraft delivery to the country since the Vietnam War. 

The historic milestone was years in the making, as the U.S. lifted a decadeslong embargo on arm sales to Vietnam in 2016, then agreed to sell a dozen T-6s to Vietnam’s Air Defense Air Force in 2021 and 2022.

The T-6 is the first American aircraft to enter the Vietnamese air force, which is largely comprised of Russian and Soviet-era equipment. The U.S. left behind $2 billion worth of “serviceable” military equipment after the collapse of South Vietnam in 1975, a Defense Department official said at the time.

The trainer will be based at Phan Thiet Air Base, where Schneider landed Nov. 20. 

“Today’s arrival of the first T-6 aircraft to the Vietnam Air Defense Air Force represents the promise we made to assist in your air force modernization efforts,” Schneider said. “This moment reflects our shared commitment to peace and the rule of law in the region.” 

Another seven T-6s are slated to be delivered in 2025. 

U.S. ambassador to Vietnam Marc Knapper attended the delivery ceremony and touted its importance in a statement.

“This delivery represents an important step forward in our growing partnership with Vietnam,” said Knapper. “The T-6C trainer aircraft will provide valuable support to Vietnam’s pilot training program, reflecting our shared vision for a strong, prosperous, independent, and resilient Vietnam that contributes to regional stability and security.” 

Vietnam holds key strategic territory in southeast Asia and has a historically complicated relationship with the People’s Republic of China, with multiple analysts noting territorial disputes in the South China Sea as a source of recent strains.  

The U.S. has sought to gradually strengthen its defense ties with Vietnam in recent years, docking aircraft carriers there, selling excess cutters to the Vietnamese coast guard and small ScanEagle drones to its military. 

However, the T-6 is the “most important U.S. military equipment sale to Vietnam,” the International Institute for Strategic Studies noted in a 2023 analysis, worth tens of millions of dollars. 

In its own release, PACAF noted that “the United States remains committed to supporting Vietnam’s defense resilience in alignment with Vietnam’s conditions and needs. This collaboration strengthens a defense relationship rooted in shared security interests, regional stability, and respect for international laws.” 

According to media outlet Reuters, the U.S. and Vietnam have discussed the sale of F-16 fighters and C-130 transport planes in recent years, though those negotiations have yet to yield an agreement.

U.S. PACAF Commander Gen. Kevin Schneider and a T6-C pilot disembark a T6-C training aircraft in Phan Thiet, Vietnam, on Nov. 20, 2024. General Schneider landed the first of five T6-C aircraft. Seven more training aircraft will be delivered to the Vietnamese Air Defence Air Force by 2025.
New Report: China Cuts Pilot Training Time, Aims to Modernize by 2030

New Report: China Cuts Pilot Training Time, Aims to Modernize by 2030

Nov. 26, 2024 | By John A. Tirpak

China is cutting down on the time it takes to train raw students to be fighter pilots and transitioning to a full fleet of fourth-generation training aircraft—but won’t have a fully modernized pilot training system until 2030, according to a new paper from Air University’s China Aerospace Studies Institute.

In the paper, analyst Derek Solen cited “new developments” in pilot training divulged by China in the last few months. The Shijiazhuang Flight Academy, one of three training centers for the People’s Liberation Army Air Force, has “completely replaced an older training program and the aircraft used in it,” referring to third-generation fighters equivalent to Russia’s Mig-21. This change has cut about year from the four-year training program.

“Meanwhile, the Xi’an and Harbin Flight Academies are establishing new units to train recent graduates to transition to fighter aircraft, shifting the burden of that training from combat units to the academies,” Solen wrote. “Both these developments indicate that the [People’s Liberation Army Air Force] is steadily making progress in long-standing efforts to streamline and centralize its initial fighter pilot training program, efforts that should be complete by the beginning of the next decade.”

Solen told Air & Space Forces Magazine that China’s pilot training academies have been consolidated from six to three over the last decade, and that a further year could be cut from the curriculum because of the success of the Hongdu JL-10 trainer, a derivative of the Russian/Italian Yak-130. The fly-by-wire, glass cockpit trainer is the aircraft around which the People’s Liberation Army Air Forces seems to be building most of its flight instruction, he said. No other advanced trainer appears to be in the works.

Solen offered an educated estimate that China is producing about 400 pilots a year—and that number is increasing slowly. By comparison, the U.S. Air Force is producing about 1,350 pilots per year, though that figure is short of its goal between 1,800 and 2,000.

PLAAF pilot production “kind of bottlenecks at the university,” Solen said, and this limits the flow of students through the system. To substantially increase production, “it’s going to require more aircraft and more instructors,” he added.

China’s flight instruction program from basic aviation/officer student training to frontline service takes about four years, about twice as long as the Air Force’s program, in which students go from primary instruction to operational squadrons in about two years.

Solen said China is not yet mimicking USAF’s new plan of using simulation and individualized instruction to accelerate the time it takes for a flyer to go from undergraduate student to flight lead, with students progressing at their own pace. However, China is increasing its use of simulators, and they are becoming more advanced, with a high-fidelity cockpit surrounded by a video dome, used primarily at operational units.

Pilots chosen for transports and bombers are usually those who don’t succeed in the fighter track, Solen said. The PLAAF’s concept is to maximize the investment already made in those students, he noted. Each of the flying academies have separate programs within them for large, multiengine aircraft.

Solen noted in his analysis that China doesn’t have service academies or generic officer training schools. Rather, after three years of officer training and education at PLAAF’s aviation university, students begin primary flight training. They complete that school after a fourth year, after which they do a year of intermediate training, followed by a year of advanced training. Those that graduate go on to a year of specific instruction with the combat unit to which they’re assigned.

Shijiazhaung seems to be eliminating that intermediate year of instruction.

“The Shijiazhuang Flight Academy’s elimination of intermediate flight training and its retirement of the JL-8 indicates that almost all the academy’s training brigades now operate the JL-10,” Solen wrote in the paper. “The academy is almost certain to have one last training brigade operating the JL-9, but it is likely to retire the JL-9 next year after the last group of pilot candidates to have undergone intermediate flight training in the JL-8 complete their advanced flight training in mid-2025.” He expects the Harbin academy to transition fully to JL-10 instruction in 2026.

The J-10 is China’s equivalent of the F-16, and two-seat versions are used for advanced fighter and strike training.

“Although only flight instructors have been mentioned training in the J-10 at the Xi’an Flight Academy, it is likely that the academy will begin conducting transition training for new pilots in the autumn of 2024 if it has not already done so,” according to the paper.

“This would conform with past practice: the Shijiazhuang Flight Academy received the J-10 one year before it began conducting transition training. The Harbin Flight Academy is likely to have begun transition training with the J-11 by late 2023 because flight training commences in September of each year, so the air-to-ground attack training indicates the existence of a training program that began in the previous year.”

The PLAAF has not more radically accelerated or reformed its pilot training program because it’s largely locked into the traditional tempo of the instruction, Solen said.

“They’ve … retained that cyclical induction process,” he noted. “I suppose they could go more quickly, but if they do that actually kind of screws everything up,” because officer instruction paces flight training. The tempo calls for a September-to-July instruction period, followed by graduation, for each phase of instruction.

“They’ve worked to kind of separate some of the officer training and some of the aviation education, but it’s still kind of mixed together. It’s all at the same pace,” he noted. “And so every year, they’re inducting new potential pilots, but they do it at the very same time each year … because they can’t bring anybody on [at] a different schedule.” The idea is not necessarily to take more time to produce more seasoned pilots, but throughout their training, students get substantially more flying hours than their American counterparts, and the Chinese seem comfortable with that.

“The schedule dictates everything,” Solen said.

“It’s a very deliberate process,” he added. “It hasn’t been fast, but I can see steady progress.” Since the arrival of the JL-10, “that was really the final piece needed to really get this process moving. Until then they were … hindered by lack of an appropriate trainer. While they were trying to reform the curriculum, it wasn’t well matched with the aircraft that they had.”

That was problematic because the PLAAF’s trainers were preparing students for third-generation fighters as it was introducing fourth- and fifth-generation fighters like the J-10, J-15, and J-20. That extra year may have been necessary to help students make the transition.

“It didn’t really match,” he said. Even the JL-10 may be insufficiently advanced to prepare students for the J-20, China’s premier stealth fighter, Solen noted.

While the PLAAF will likely “retain some old trainers and the old training program for almost as long as it continues to operate some third-generation fighters given the progress of the PLAAF’s effort to replace such fighters, it is safe to predict that [they] will all be retired around 2030,” Solen said. The older fighter trainers “will probably be left to a shrinking group of experienced pilots whose retirements may coincide with the retirement of their aircraft,” Solen wrote.

“It is likely that the PLAAF will need until at least 2030 to establish enough new training brigades to completely shift transition training away from combat units,” he concluded. The pace of this effort “could increase as each flight academy acquires more experience and personnel to accomplish it.”

New Drone Sightings Spark Mystery at USAF’s UK Bases

New Drone Sightings Spark Mystery at USAF’s UK Bases

Nov. 25, 2024 | By Greg Hadley

A collection of small drones was spotted flying over three U.S. Air Force bases in England last week—the latest in a worrying series of incursions that previously had been reported in Virginia. 

U.S. Air Forces in Europe disclosed in a release that unidentified drones flew over and around RAF Lakenheath, RAF Mildenhall, and RAF Feltwell from Nov. 20 to 24. 

“The number of systems fluctuated, and they ranged in sizes and configurations,” the release stated. “The sUASs were actively monitored and installation leaders determined that none of the incursions impacted base residents, facilities, or assets.” 

The command declined to say if any action was taken against the drones, saying only that “we retain the right to protect our installations.” 

Drones were previously reported flying over Joint Base Langley-Eustis, Va., where the Air Force’s F-22 Raptors are based, and officials have yet to determine who was behind them. 

Other instances have also been noted. A senior defense official told reporters in May that the Pentagon was recording roughly two to three cases a week of drones flying into the airspace around domestic U.S. military bases, and in October, the Wall Street Journal reported that DOD was still investigating the drones at Langley. 

Inexpensive, commercial drones are now widely available worldwide, ramping up concerns about how they could be used to spy on or disrupt military activities during peacetime and at war. The war in Ukraine has seen huge numbers of drones in combat. The Air Force has been seeking low-cost solutions for defending against drones and drone swarms for years, especially means that don’t involve firing high-end missiles. 

The appearance of drones over UK bases hosting F-35 and F-15E fighters, KC-135 tankers, RC-135 surveillance aircraft, adds a new wrinkle to the matter. Whether this is a similar pattern repeating itself in a new location, or local hobbyists making a nuisance of themselves remains to be seen.